2. Chest radiographs and TB Graham Bothamley Jean-Paul Zellweger

3. Plan of session 1.The typical chest x-ray of TB 2.Atypical chest x-rays 3.Extrapulmonary TB on the chest x-ray 4.Inactive tuberculosis 5.The normal chest x-ray with C+PTB 6.Differential diagnoses

4. What are the typical features of tuberculosis on a chest x-ray?

5. Chest x-rays StudyUnder-reading % of positives Over-reading % of negatives 5 experts25- General271.7 Mass radiography321.7 Danish mass radiography321.6 Reader panel (15,000)391.2 10 best radiologists210.5 10 best physicians260.3 Average322 Improvement only if >20,000 films read annually. Nakamura et al. Kekkaku 1970; 45:121

6. Conclusions from mass x-ray surveys Sudden, symptomatic onset as common as insidious onset Disease extent unrelated to duration (extensive S+PTB within first 3-6 m) Cavitation is not a late occurrence – its frequency is nearly the same at all temporal stages of the disease Toman. Case finding and chemotherapy. WHO, Geneva, 1979

7. Atypical TB Lower zone No cavitation (miliary)

8. Atypical TB Female Diabetes HIV Elderly

9. Extrapulmonary TB Mediastinal lymph nodes Pleural effusions Paraspinal abscess Spinal disease

10. Pleural effusion

11. Pericardial TB

12. TB of the spine

13. Inactive or self-healed tuberculosis Primary focus/calcified granuloma Coin lesion Fibrosis

15. The normal chest radiograph with a positive M.tb culture Single isolate or repeated? Lab contamination – strain typing CT scan Treat?

16. Differential diagnosis Non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease Sarcoidosis Fungal disease

18. M. xenopi

20. NTMD Background of COPD Thicker pleural reaction

22. M. fortuitum

26. Bronchiectasis Tree in bud Nodules

28. Mycobacterium spp. Runyon group III

29. The Quiz Estimate the probability of the diagnosis of tuberculosis and indicate whether you think the person will be sputum smear-positive Read the histories and estimate a prior probability of TB Look at the CXRs again – in a different order this time and again estimate the probability of TB and whether the sputum smear will be positive

30. Exercise: 20 CXRs Estimate the probability of TB

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