1. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1 PowerPoint ® Presentation for Dental Radiology with Labs Module: Dental Radiology

2. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2 Module: Dental Radiology Dental Radiography Part A: Radiation and Safety Part B: Radiographs Part C: Processing and Mounting Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks

3. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 1. Define the Key Terms. 2. Name the different sizes and types of dental x-ray film. 3. Identify safety precautions needed when using radiation. 4. List the types of extraoral dental radiographs. 5. Describe the biological effect of radiation. 6. Discuss the difference between bisecting and paralleling techniques. 7. Describe the most common radiographic errors.

4. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 8. Describe proper automatic and manual processing techniques. 9. Define the difference between normal and abnormal radiographic landmarks. 10. Demonstrate infection control during radiography procedures. 11. Demonstrate x-ray exposure using paralleling and bisecting angle techniques.

5. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 12. Demonstrate occlusal x-ray exposure. 13. Demonstrate manual and automatic processing of radiographs. 14. Demonstrate duplication of radiographs. 15. Demonstrate proper mounting of full mouth radiographs.

6. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 Key Terms ALARA Anode Automatic processing Basal cells Bisecting technique Bite-wing Blurred images Cassette Cathode Central beam Cephalometric radiographs Collimator Computed tomography Cone cutting Contrast Cross-section technique

7. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7 Key Terms Density Developer solution Digital imaging technology Double exposure Duplication technique Electromagnetic energy Elongation Extraoral film Fixer solution Focal spot Focusing cup Foreshortening Frankfort plane Gray (GY) Herringbone pattern Horizontal angulation

8. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Key Terms Intensifying screens Interproximal Intraoral kV Latent period Leakage radiation Long wavelengths MRI Manual processing MPD mA mr Mitosis Occlusal radiographs Overlapping Panoramic technique Paralleling technique

9. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Key Terms Periapical Primary radiation rad Radiolucent Radiopaque Radiosensitive “Rare earth” phosphors rbe Reticulation rem Roentgens Scatter radiation Secondary radiation Short wavelengths

10. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10 Key Terms Sv Thermionic emission Topographic technique Tragus of the ear Transcranial radiograph Tubehead Vertical angulation x-rays x-ray tube

11. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Part A: Radiation and Safety 1895Roentgen discovers x-rays1895First dental radiograph taken1896First intraoral radiograph taken1913Hot cathode x-ray tube invented1923GE develops dental x-ray machine

12. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12 Development of Dental Techniques 1905Bisecting technique developed1920Paralleling technique developed1959Panoramic technique developed1980Panorex II developed

13. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13 Electromagnetic Energy

14. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Atoms Subatomic particles: –Protons –Neutrons –Hadrons –Leptons –Quarks Nucleus Electrons

15. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15 Types of Radiation

16. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Effects of Radiation on Cells Division of cells: –Somatic –Genetic Cell types: –Radiosensitive cells –Radioresistant

17. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Radiation Measurement Terms Standard System (Traditional) Metric Equivalent or Système Internationale (SI) Exposure (C/kg)Roentgen (R) 3.88 x 10 R = Couloumb per kilogram 1 c/kg DoseRadiation absorbed dose (RAD) 100 rads = Gray (GY) 1 Gy Dose equivalentRadiation equivalent man (REM) 100 rems = Sievert (Sv) 1 Sv

18. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 Radiation Exposure Standards MPD

19. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Radiation Exposure Detection Badge

20. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Control Panel on a Dental X-Ray Unit

21. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Dental Arm Assembly and Tubehead

22. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22 Radiographic Safety and Quality Assurance Manufacturer’s responsibility Dentist’s responsibility DA’s responsibility Patient’s responsibility

23. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23 Part B: Radiographs Dental x-ray film

24. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 X-Ray Exposure

25. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 Types of Film Exposures

26. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 Film Exposure Techniques Bisecting technique Paralleling technique

27. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27 Full Mouth Series Bite-wing –Horizontal positioning –Vertical positioning Maxillary arch –Incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars Mandibular arch –Incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars, premolar bite-wing, molar bite-wing

28. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28 Special Types of Radiographs Occlusal radiographs Pediatric radiographs Edentulous radiographs Endodontic radiographs Radiographs for patients with special needs

29. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29 Producing a Quality Radiograph

30. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30 Film Exposing Errors Blurred image Cone cuttingForeshorteningOverlapping DistortionElongation Radiopaque film images Backward film Underexposed film Overexposed film Double exposureClear film

31. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31 Film Processing Errors Film artifacts Torn/scratched film Partial image Dark film image Light film image Fogged film Reticulation Air bubbles on film Streaks

32. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32 Part C: Processing and Mounting

33. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33 Processing Solutions Developer solution Fixer solution

34. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34 Automatic Processor

35. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35 Duplicating X-Rays

36. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 36 Mounting Dental Radiographs Labial mounting Lingual mounting

37. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 37 Patient Radiographs Stored in the patient treatment record Legal records never destroyed Property of the dentist

38. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 38 Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks

39. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39 Cephalometric Radiographs

40. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40 Radiographic Interpretation Terminology Anatomical landmarks Radiopaque Radiolucent Diagnosis Interpretation Superimposition

41. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41 Landmarks

42. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42 Landmarks Mandibular landmarks Maxillary landmarks

43. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43 Advanced Technology in Dental Radiology CT scanning MRI Digital imaging

44. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 44 Summary of Module Key Terms History of radiography Dental techniques Radiation Components of a dental x-ray unit Radiographic safety and quality assurance Film exposure techniques Special types of radiographs Errors to avoid in film exposing and processing Processing and mounting Extraoral radiographs and landmarks