1. AP side down
PA side up

21. Caldwell Sinus Projection Film
This view will provide a clear view of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses.
The super orbital rims can be evaluated for fracture when facial bone are of interest.
To project the petrous ridges farther down, increase angle to 30 degrees

22. Sinus Lateral
Lateral – External auditory meatus externally and mandible inferiorly with supracillary arch superiorly in view.
CR centered to zygoma, midway between outer canthus and EAM
Midsagittal plane is parallel to IR
IPL is perpendicular to IR

23. Lateral Sinus Anatomy

24. Positioning: Waters Prone or seated upright
Chin on bucky -OML 37 angle with plane of cassette
Mentomeatal line should be perpendicular to film with mouth closed.
Nose 3/4 inch from IR
Suspend respiration
CR perpendicular to exit acanthion

25. Waters Radiograph
Distance from lateral border of skull and orbit equal on each side
Petrous ridges projected immediately below maxillary sinuses

27. Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)
OML 55 degrees to the IR
Chin and nose on table
Petrous pyramids are seen mid-maxillary sinus
CR exits acanthion
Blowout Fractures
See pg. 355 (Merrill’s 12th Edition)

28. Modified Waters Radiograph
Petrous ridges projected immediately below the inferior border of the orbits
Equal distance from lateral orbit to lateral skull on both sides

29. Reverse Waters Supine Extend neck so OML is 37 degree with plane of IR
MML perp
Suspend respiration
CR perpendicular and enters acanthion

30. Lateral Nasal Bones Semiprone IPL perpendicular
CR perpendicular to the bridge of nose at a point ½ inch distal to the nasion

31. Bilateral Arches - SMV IOML parallel to IR and perpendicular to CR
CR midsaggital and collimate to outer edges of zygoma

32. Oblique Tangential
Same position as SMV except head tilt 15 degrees toward side of interest
(Merrill’s p ed)

33. Esophagus
RAO
Left side elevated degrees
Center at T-5 or T-6

34. Stomach PA
Center at pylorus L2 (midway between xiphoid and umbilicus)
Expiration
RAO
L side elevated degrees
Between vertebrae and elevated surface
Center at duodenal bulb
Lateral
Recumbant (R lateral), Erect (L lateral)
Between axilla and anterior surface
Center at pylorus

35. Small Bowel
Central ray at iliac crest (or slightly above for early exposures)

36. Colon PA or AP PA Axial (may be done AP) Bilat Obliques
Center at iliac crest
PA Axial (may be done AP)
Prone
iliac crest
CR degrees caudad
Sigmoid Colon
Smaller IR; CR ASIS
Bilat Obliques
Lateral Decubitus
Lateral Rectum
Enter at ASIS

37. Intravenous Urography
KUB
Obliques
Rotated 30 degrees – kidney farthest from IR is parallel; kiney closest is perpendicular to film
AP Bladder
CR at ASIS

38. Cystography AP Axial Oblique PA Bladder Lateral 10-15 degrees caudal
CR 2-3 in above pubic syphysis
Oblique
40-60 degrees
PA Bladder
CR 1 in distal to tip of coccyx
10-15 degree cephalad angle
Lateral