1. A Technical Seminar On
X-RAY AND CT SCAN

2. Introduction
X-rays were discovered by the German physicist Will elm Konrad Rontgen in November He called the 'new kind of ray' or X-rays( X for the unknown).their usefulness to visualize the internal anatomy of humans was established.
Today, imaging with X-rays is perhaps the most commonly used
diagnostic tool with the medical profession, and the techniques from a
simple chest radiography to a digital subtraction angiography or computertomography depend on the use of X-rays.

3. What is X-ray?
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers.
X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds.

4. Types X-rays is of two types Hard X-rays Soft X-rays
X-rays with photon energies above 5-10 keV (below  nm wavelength).
Soft X-rays
X-rays with photon energies below 5-10 keV (below  nm wavelength).

5. Properties of x-ray
X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds. The ionizing capability of X-rays can be utilized in cancertreatment to kill maligant cells using radiation therapy.
Ability for producing luminescence.
Effect in case of photographic emulsions.
Capability for penetration of matter in various materials.

6. X-ray image of chest

7. Medical uses Computer tomography Fluoroscopy Radiotherapy
Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning)
Fluoroscopy
Fluroscopy is another X-ray test methodology. Examples include cardiac catheterization (to examine for coronary artery blockages) and Barium swallow (to examine for esophageal disorders).
Radiotherapy
The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management (including palliation of cancer); it requires higher radiation energies than for imaging alone.

8. Principle of Working
X-rays are produced in: specially constructed glass tube, which basically comprises.
A source for the production 0f electrons,
a energy source to accelerate the electrons,
a free electron path,
a means of focusing the electron beam and
a device to stop the electrons.
Stationary mode tubes and rotating anode tubes are the two main types of X-ray tubes:

9. Construction of stationary anode X-ray tube

10. Failure with X-ray
There are two main limitations of using conventional X-rays to examine internal structures of the body.
Firstly, the super-imposition of the three-dimensional information onto a single plane makes diagnosis confusing and often difficult.
Secondly, the photographic film usually used for making radiographs has a limited dynamic range and, therefore, only objects that have large variations in X-ray absorption relative to their surroundings will cause sufficient contrast differences on the film to be distinguished by the eye.

11. CT-SCAN

12. What is CT-Scan?
A computed axial tomography scan or CT Scan (also CAT Scan) is a medical imaging technology that uses finely focused X-rays together with a detector rather than photographic film combined with computer imaging technology to create detailed three-dimensional images of interior body tissue, including soft tissue. It is primarily used to detect and locate structures within the body that cannot be located by other forms of radiological investigation.

13. Basic Principles of CT scan
Mathematical principles of CT were first developed in 1917 by Radon
Proved that an image of an unknown object could be produced if one had an infinite number of projections through the object
Plain film imaging reduces the 3D patient anatomy to a 2D projection image

14. Density at a given point on an image represents the x-ray attenuation properties within the patient along a line between the x-ray focal spot and the point on the detector corresponding to the point on the image
With a conventional radiograph, information with respect to the dimension parallel to the x-ray beam is lost
Limitation can be overcome, to some degree, by acquiring two images at an angle of 90 degrees to one another
For objects that can be identified in both images, the two films provide location information

15. Working of CT SCAN
In principle, computed tomography involves the determination of attenuation characteristics for each small volume of tissue in the patient slice, which constitute the transmitted radiation intensity recorded from various irradiation directions. It is these calculated tissue attenuation characteristics that actually compose the CT image.
For a monochromatic X-ray beam, the tissue attenuation characteristics can be described by
It = Io e- x
I0 = Incident radiation intensity
It = Transmitted intensity
x = Thickness of tissue
 = Characteristic attenuation coefficient of tissue

16. System Components
All computed tomography systems consist of the following four major sub-systems:
Scanning system—This takes suitable readings for a picture to be reconstructed, and includes X-ray source and detectors.
Processing unit—This converts these readings into intelligible picture information.
Viewing part—It presents this information in visual form and includes other manipulative aids to assist diagnosis.
Storage unit—This enables the information to be stored for subsequent analysis.

18. Advntages of CT-scan over X-ray
Traditional X-rays suffer from their inability to give any perception of depth to the physician. This is because the X-ray can only picture the average density of any tissue in front of the X-ray film. A CT Scan gets around this limitation in three ways:
- Instead of using a broad beam of X-rays, a CT Scan uses a very narrowly focused beam of X-rays that can only penetrate straight through the body in a straight line to the detector.
- The X-ray source is rotated around the body so that the X-rays pass through the entire structure in both directions.
- A computer is used to reconstruct the intensity of the X-rays into an image showing the density of any point of the plane through which the X-rays passed.

19. Conclusion

20. ANY QUERIES