1. Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau 1 Medical Imaging Techniques François Rameau Guillaume Lemaître 17th February 2009

2. 2 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion

3. 3 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion

4. 4 Introduction Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Computer vision and imaging theory are used in medical imaging techiques Important to know basic notions of these technologies Medical imaging allows to : Create a reconstruction of human body Reveal, diagnose and examine diseases Study of metabolism and morphology

5. 5 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

6. 6 Radiography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages First Radiograph in 1895 X-ray : wavelength = 5 picometers The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue

7. 7 Radiography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages White represents high density Black represents low density

8. 8 Radiography – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Bones imaging Dental domain

9. 9 Radiography – Advantages/Disadvantages Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:: Excellent for imaging bones Noninvasive Good availability Harmful rays Bad results for soft tissues Low cost

10. 10 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

11. 11 Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages A recent technology (1970)‏

12. 12 Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Use X-rays

13. 13 Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Examples of slices with CT :

14. 14 Computed Tomography (CT) – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Cardiac Imaging Bones Imaging Cerebral Imaging Reconstitution of organs in 3D Pulmonary Imaging

15. 15 Computed Tomography (CT) – Advantages/Disadvantages Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:: Excellent for bones imaging Provides 3D anatomical information Good availability Harmful rays Bad result for soft tissue Claustrophobia Noninvasive

16. 16 Outline Introduction Radiograph Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

17. 17 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages First Imaging in 1975

18. 18 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Structure of MRI :

19. 19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages MRI is based on NMR : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Consequence : Use spin theory

20. 20 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Spin theory : Compass needle Hydrogenous Atom

21. 21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Initial Position : Position of moment

22. 22 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Parallel direction:

23. 23 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Parallel direction: Parallel direction Antiparallel direction

24. 24 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Excitation - Relaxation : Excite moment of spin with Lamor frequency defined by : Noyau Spin Net γ(MH z/T) 1H1H1/242,58

25. 25 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Excitation - Relaxation : Align moment of spin on xy scale :

26. 26 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Excitation - Relaxation : Calculate relaxation time Long relaxtion time = high energy emitted Short relaxation time = low energy emitted Reception of energy with antenna

27. 27 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Examples of slices with MRI :

28. 28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Angio – MRI Cardiac – MRI Cholangio – MRI Cerebral – MRI

29. 29 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Advantages/Disadvantages Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:: Main modality for image guided surgery Superb ability to discriminate between subtle differences in tissue characteristics Very safe Less accurate for bone scanning Problem with metal corps Problem of avaibilaty Cost of machine MRI (3 million €)

30. 30 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

31. 31 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Injection of radioactive product :Fluorine associated with glucose The device emits positrons Positrons create reaction with tracer (radioactive product)‏ : Gamma ray Emission of gamma ray is detected by the machine

32. 32 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

33. 33 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Oncology Neurology Cardiology Psychiatry

34. 34 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Advantages/Disadvantages Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:: Functional imaging Used in a lot of domains Amount of radiation is small Invasive method

35. 35 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages

36. 36 Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages First Imaging in 1979

37. 37 Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Transducter :

38. 38 Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Transducter : Emit ultrasounds Receive the echo of ultrasounds emitted

39. 39 Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Translation of echo : Compare the emitted frequency and the received frequency

40. 40 Medical ultrasonography – Functionning Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Examples of slices and reconstruction with ultrasonography :

41. 41 Medical ultrasonography – Field of use Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Cardiology Endocrinology Gyneacology Obstetrics Ophtalmology

42. 42 Medical ultrasonography – Advantages/Disadvantages Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Functionning Field of use Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:: Noninvasive Clean & safe In-expensive Noisy Gas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb ultrasound waves.

43. 43 Outline Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Medical ultrasonography Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Conclusion Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion

44. 44 Conclusion Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau Introduction Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography Medical ultrasonography Conclusion Constant development in medical imaging Each method is specific Thanks for your attention