1. Chapter 15 Nonrenewable Energy

2. Case Study: A Brief History of Human Energy Use
Everything runs on energy
Industrial revolution began 275 years ago, relied on wood, which led to deforestation
Early energy crisis lead to use of Coal
Then Petroleum products
Eventually Nuclear Power and Natural gas
All of these are nonrenewable energy resources

3. Energy Use: World and United States
Figure 15.1: We get most of our energy by burning carbon-containing fossil fuels (see Figure 2-14, p. 46). This figure shows energy use by source throughout the world (left) and in the United States (right) in Note that oil is the most widely use form of commercial energy and that about 79% of the energy used in the world (85% of the energy used the United States) comes from burning nonrenewable fossil fuels. (These figures also include rough estimates of energy from biomass that is collected and used by individuals without being sold in the marketplace.) Question: Why do you think the world as a whole relies more on renewable energy than the United States does? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, British Petroleum, Worldwatch Institute, and International Energy Agency)
Fig. 15-1, p. 370

4. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (1)
First law of thermodynamics:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
It takes high-quality energy to get high-quality energy
Pumping oil from ground, refining it, transporting it
**You can’t get something for nothing….**
Figure 15.2: We can pump oil up from underground reservoirs on land (left) and under the sea bottom (right). Today, high-tech equipment can tap into an oil deposit on land and at sea to a depth of almost 11 kilometers (7 miles). But this requires a huge amount of high-quality energy and can cost billions of dollars per well. For example, the well that tapped into BP’s Thunder Horse oil field in the Gulf of Mexico at water depths of up to 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles) took almost 20 years to complete and cost more than $5 billion. And as we saw in 2010 with the explosion of a BP deep-sea oil-drilling rig such as that shown here, there is a lot of room for improvement in deep-sea drilling technology.

5. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (2)
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy can change form. When it does, some energy is lost or becomes unavailable for future use.
Some high-quality energy is wasted at every step
The entropy of a closed system increases with time (or no process of energy transformation can be 100% efficient). This implies that energy sources have different qualities in terms of usability.
**You can’t break even….**

6. Basic Science: Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts (3)
Total amount of useful energy available from a resource minus the energy needed to make the energy available to consumers(what is used/wasted)
Business net profit: total money taken in minus all expenses
Net energy ratio: ratio of energy produced to energy used to produce it
Conventional oil: high net energy ratio

7. Net Energy Ratios Figure 15.3: Science.
Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available (Concept 15-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981)
Fig. 15-3, p. 373

8. Electric heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4
Space Heating
Passive solar
5.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.5
Active solar
1.9
Coal gasification
1.5
Electric heating (coal-fired plant)
Figure 15.3: Science.
Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available (Concept 15-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981)
0.4
Electric heating
(natural-gas-fired plant)
0.4
Electric heating (nuclear plant)
0.3
Fig. 15-3a, p. 373

9. High-Temperature Industrial Heat
28.2
Surface-mined coal
Underground-
mined coal
25.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.7
Figure 15.3: Science.
Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available (Concept 15-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981)
Coal gasification
1.5
Direct solar (concentrated)
0.9
Fig. 15-3b, p. 373

10. Transportation Natural gas 4.9 Gasoline (refined crude oil) 4.1
Biofuel (ethanol)
1.9
Coal liquefaction
Figure 15.3: Science.
Net energy ratios for various energy systems over their estimated lifetimes differ widely: the higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available (Concept 15-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; and Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981)
1.4
Oil shale
1.2
Fig. 15-3c, p. 373

11. Energy Resources With Low/Negative Net Energy Yields Need Marketplace Help
Cannot compete in open markets with alternatives that have higher net energy yields
Need subsidies from taxpayers (government)
Nuclear power as an example – large amounts of Energy needed at each step

12. Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net Energy Yields and Can Save Money
84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted
43% after accounting for second law of thermodynamics
We drive inefficient cars/gas guzzlers
We use inefficient coal-burning and nuclear power plants to produce 2/3 of our electricity
We know how to fix energy waste – and by doing this we save $, reduce emissions and decrease our dependence on imported oil

13. We Depend Heavily on Oil (1)
Petroleum, or crude oil: conventional, or light oil
(~30% of world’s supply)
Unconventional oil (very heavy ~ %70 of supply)
Fossil fuels: coal, oil, natural gas
Deposits of conventional crude oil and natural gas often are trapped together under domes deep within the Earth’s crust under land or seafloor

14. We Depend Heavily on Oil (2)
Peak production: time after which production from a well declines
Disagreement whether we have reached global peak production for all world oil or not

15. We Depend Heavily on Oil (3)
Oil extraction and refining
By boiling point temperature
Petrochemicals:
Products of oil distillation
Raw materials for industrial organic chemicals
Pesticides
Paints
Plastics

16. Science: Refining Crude Oil
Figure 15.4: Science.
When crude oil is refined, many of its components are removed at various levels, depending on their boiling points, of a giant distillation column (left) that can be as tall as a nine-story building. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top of the column. The photo above shows an oil refinery in the U.S. state of Texas.
Figure 15.4: Science.
When crude oil is refined, many of its components are removed at various levels, depending on their boiling points, of a giant distillation column (left) that can be as tall as a nine-story building. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top of the column. The photo above shows an oil refinery in the U.S. state of Texas.
Fig. 15-4, p. 375

17. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (1)
World consumption has been growing rapidly since 1950
Largest consumers in 2009
United States, 23%
China, 8%
Japan, 6%

18. How Long Might Supplies of Conventional Crude Oil Last? (2)
Proven oil reserves
Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology
Unproven reserves
Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery
Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery
Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100

19. World Oil Consumption, 1950-2009
Figure 1, Supplement 2

20. History of the Age of Conventional Oil
Figure 9, Supplement 9

21. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (1)
13 countries (OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela) have at least 60% of the world’s crude oil reserves
Saudi Arabia: 20% (largest portion)
United States and China (largest users of oil) : 1.5%
Global oil production leveled off in 2005
Oil production peaks and flow rates to consumers

22. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (2)
Three caveats when evaluating future oil supplies
Potential reserves are not proven reserves
Must use net energy yield to evaluate potential of any oil deposit
Must take into account high global use of oil

23. Crude Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
Figure 15.5: The amount of crude oil that might be found in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (right), if developed and extracted over 50 years, is only a tiny fraction of projected U.S. oil consumption. In 2008, the DOE projected that developing this oil supply would take 10–20 years and would lower gasoline prices at the pump by 6 cents per gallon at most. (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Defense Council)
Figure 15.5: The amount of crude oil that might be found in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (right), if developed and extracted over 50 years, is only a tiny fraction of projected U.S. oil consumption. In 2008, the DOE projected that developing this oil supply would take 10–20 years and would lower gasoline prices at the pump by 6 cents per gallon at most. (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Defense Council)
Fig. 15-5, p. 376

25. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies (3)
Bottom Line:
To keep using conventional oil at the projected increasing rate of consumption we must discover proven reserves of conventional oil equivalent to the current Saudi Arabian supply every 5 years. Most oil geologists say this is highly unlikely.

26. The United States Uses Much More Oil Than It Produces
Gets 85% of its commercial E from fossil fuels (40% from crude oil)
Produces 9% of the world’s oil and uses 23%.
Has only 1.5% of world’s proven oil reserves
Imports 52% of its oil
Should we look for more oil reserves?
Extremely difficult
Expensive and financially risky

27. U.S. Energy Consumption by Fuel
Figure 6, Supplement 9

28. Proven and Unproven Reserves of Fossil Fuels in North America
Figure 18, Supplement 8

29. Conventional Oil Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Extraction, processing, and burning of nonrenewable oil and other fossil fuels
Advantages
Disadvantages

30. Bird Covered with Oil from an Oil Spill in Brazilian Waters
Figure 15.7: This bird was covered with oil from an oil spill in Brazilian waters. If volunteers had not removed the oil, it would have destroyed this bird’s natural buoyancy and heat insulation, causing it to drown or die from exposure because of a loss of body heat.
Figure 15.7: This bird was covered with oil from an oil spill in Brazilian waters. If volunteers had not removed the oil, it would have destroyed this bird’s natural buoyancy and heat insulation, causing it to drown or die from exposure because of a loss of body heat.
Fig. 15-7, p. 377

31. Case Study: Heavy Oil from Tar Sand
Tar sand (Oil sand) - mixture of clay, sand, water and bitumen (thick, tarlike heavy oil)
Canada and Venezuela: oil sands have more oil than in Saudi Arabia
Extraction
Serious environmental impact before strip-mining
Air pollution
Low net energy yield: Is it cost effective?

32. Strip Mining for Tar Sands in Alberta
Figure 15.8: Producing heavy oil from Canada’s Alberta tar sands project involves strip-mining areas large enough to be seen from outer space, draining wetlands, and diverting rivers. It also produces huge amounts of air and water pollution and has been called the world’s most environmentally destructive project. For oil from the sands to be profitable, oil must sell for $70–90 a barrel.
Figure 15.8: Producing heavy oil from Canada’s Alberta tar sands project involves strip-mining areas large enough to be seen from outer space, draining wetlands, and diverting rivers. It also produces huge amounts of air and water pollution and has been called the world’s most environmentally destructive project. For oil from the sands to be profitable, oil must sell for $70–90 a barrel.
Fig. 15-8, p. 378

33. Will Heavy Oil from Oil Shales Be a Useful Resource?
Oil shales contain kerogen (solid mixture of hydrocarbons)
After distillation: shale oil
72% of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western United States (Co, Ut, Wy)
Locked up in rock
Lack of water needed for extraction and processing
More air pollution
Low net energy yield
Figure 15.9: Shale oil (right) can be extracted from oil shale rock (left). However, producing shale oil requires large amounts of water and has a low net energy yield and a very high environmental impact.

34. Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand
Figure 15.10: Using heavy oil from tar sands and oil shales as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 15-2b). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Fig , p. 379

35. 15-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Natural Gas?
Concept Conventional natural gas is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels.

36. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel (1)
Natural gas: mixture of gases
50-90% is methane -- CH4
smaller amounts of propane, butane and hydrogen sulfide

37. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel (2)
Conventional natural gas
Lies above most reservoirs of crude oil
Where found without pipelines – usually burned off
Figure 15.11: Natural gas found above a deep sea oil well deposit or in a remote land area is usually burned off (flared) because no pipeline is available to collect and transmit the gas to users. This practice wastes this energy resource and adds climate-changing CO2, soot, and other air pollutants to the atmosphere. 37

38. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel (3)
Liquified under high pressure
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) – tanks used in rural areas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) – distributed in gas pipelines
Low net energy yield
Makes U.S. dependent upon unstable countries like Russia (25% of the reserves) and Iran
U.S. only has 3.4% but uses
~24% of the world’s annual production 38

39. Trade-Offs: Conventional Natural Gas
Figure 15.12: Using conventional natural gas as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 15-3). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using conventional natural gas outweigh its disadvantages?
Fig , p. 381

40. Is Unconventional Natural Gas the Answer?
Coal bed methane gas
In coal beds near the earth’s surface
In shale beds
High environmental impacts or extraction
Hydraulic Fracturing
Gasland - Trailer
Methane hydrate
Trapped in icy water
In permafrost environments
On ocean floor
Costs of extraction currently too high
Methane in permafrost

41. Methane Hydrate
Figure 15.13: Gas hydrates are crystalline solids that can be burned as shown here. They form naturally from the reaction of various gases (commonly methane) with water at low temperatures and under high pressures. Natural gas hydrates form extensively in permafrost and in sediments just under the sea floors around all of the world’s continents. Methane hydrates, shown here, are a potentially good fuel.
Figure 15.13: Gas hydrates are crystalline solids that can be burned as shown here. They form naturally from the reaction of various gases (commonly methane) with water at low temperatures and under high pressures. Natural gas hydrates form extensively in permafrost and in sediments just under the sea floors around all of the world’s continents. Methane hydrates, shown here, are a potentially good fuel.
Fig , p. 381

42. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (1)
Coal: solid fossil fuel formed from fossilized plant matter by heat and pressure
Stages in Coal Formation over millions of years
Figure 15.14: Over millions of years, several different types of coal have formed. Peat is a soil material made of moist, partially decomposed organic matter and is not classified as a coal, although it too is used as a fuel. The different major types of coal vary in the amounts of heat, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide released per unit of mass when they are burned.

43. Peat Formation and harvest Bog People
Figure 15.14: Over millions of years, several different types of coal have formed. Peat is a soil material made of moist, partially decomposed organic matter and is not classified as a coal, although it too is used as a fuel. The different major types of coal vary in the amounts of heat, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide released per unit of mass when they are burned.
Fig , p. 382 43

44. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (2)
Burned in power plants; generates 42% of the world’s electricity
Inefficient
NJ has 7 Coal burning power plants – PA has 40.
NJ and Coal - check out other states 44

45. Science: Coal-Burning Power Plant
Figure 15.15: Science.
This power plant burns pulverized coal to boil water and produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. There are about 600 coal-burning power plants in the United States. The photo shows a coal-burning power plant in Soto de Ribera, Spain.
Figure 15.15: Science.
This power plant burns pulverized coal to boil water and produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. There are about 600 coal-burning power plants in the United States. The photo shows a coal-burning power plant in Soto de Ribera, Spain. Question: Does the electricity that you use come from a coal-burning power plant?
Fig , p. 382

46. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (3)
Three largest coal-burning countries
China
United States
Canada
Coal Consumption in China and the United States, 46

47. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (4)
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
U.S. has 28% of proven reserves

48. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel (5)
Environmental costs of burning coal
Severe air pollution
Sulfur released as SO2
Large amount of soot
CO2
Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials
It’s cheap b/c the environmental costs are not included
Figure 15.16: This coal-burning industrial plant in India produces large amounts of air pollution because it has inadequate air pollution controls. 48

49. CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical Energy Produced for Energy Sources
Figure 15.17: CO2 emissions, expressed as percentages of emissions released by burning coal directly, vary with different energy resources.
Figure 15.17: CO2 emissions, expressed as percentages of emissions released by burning coal directly, vary with different energy resources. Question: Which produces more CO2 emissions per kilogram, burning coal to heat a house or heating with electricity generated by coal? (Data from U.S. Department of Energy)
Fig , p. 383

50. World Coal and Natural Gas Consumption, 1950-2009
Figure 7, Supplement 9

51. Case Study: The Problem of Coal Ash
Highly toxic
Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury
Ash left from burning and from emissions
Some used as fertilizer by farmers
Most is buried or put in ponds
Contaminates groundwater
Should be classified as hazardous waste

52. The Clean Coal and Anti-Coal Campaigns
Coal companies and energy companies fought
Classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant
Classifying coal ash as hazardous waste
Air pollution standards for emissions
2008 clean coal campaign
But no such thing as clean coal
“Coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on the planet.” – James Hansen (climate scientist of the NASA Goddard Center)

53. We Can Convert Coal into Gaseous and Liquid Fuels
Conversion of solid coal to
Synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification
Methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction
Synfuels
Are there benefits to using these synthetic fuels?
(water usage increased)