3. Comparison of the Measured Residual vs. Dosage of ClO 2 with Cl 2 for a Heavily Contaminated Water.

4. Chlorine Dioxide - Chlorine Table 9-8. C. parvum Inactivation Using Chlorine Dioxide Followed by Free Chlorine Disinfectant Level of Inactivation (log-units) pH 6.0 pH 8.0 pH 11.0 Chlorine dioxide 1.0 1.4 1.6 Free chlorine 0 0 0 Chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine 2.2 3.0 2.3 Inactivation attributed to synergism 1.2 1.6 0.7 Source: Finch, 1997. Chlorine dioxide 1.3 mg/L for 120 minutes, free chlorine 2.0 mg/L for 120 minutes. Table 9-9. G. muris Inactivation Using Chlorine Dioxide Followed by Free Chlorine Disinfectant Level of Inactivation (log-units) pH 6.0 pH 8.0 Chlorine dioxide 0.8 0.8 Free chlorine 0.8 0.6 Chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine 2.2 2.0 Inactivation attributed to synergism 0.6 0.6 Source: Finch, 1997. Chlorine dioxide: 1.0 mg/L for 10 minutes, free chlorine 2.0 mg/L for 30 minutes. EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants

5. Chlorine Dioxide-Chloramine Table 9-11. C. parvum Inactivation Using Chlorine Dioxide Followed by Chloramine Disinfectant Level of Inactivation (log-units) pH 6.0 pH 8.0 pH 11.0 Chlorine dioxide 1.0 1.5 1.6 Monochloramine 0 0 0 Chlorine dioxide followed by monochloramine 2.2 2.8 2.1 Inactivation attributed to synergism 1.2 1.3 0.5 Source: Finch, 1997. Chlorine dioxide: pH 6, 8, and 11: 1.3 mg/L for 120 minutes. Monochloramine: pH 6 and 11: 2.0 mg/L for 120 minutes, pH 8: 2.8 mg/L for 180 minutes. Table 9-12. G. muris Inactivation Using Chlorine Dioxide Followed by Chloramine Disinfectant Level of Inactivation (log-units) pH 8.0 pH 11.0 Chlorine dioxide 0.8 0.8 Monochloramine 0.5 0.7 Chlorine dioxide followed by monochloramine 1.7 1.5 Inactivation attributed to synergism 0.4 0 Source: Finch, 1997. pH 8.0: Chlorine dioxide 1.0 mg/L for 5 minutes, monochloramine 2.0 mg/L for 150 minutes. pH 11.0: Chlorine dioxide 1.0 mg/L for 5 minutes, monochloramine 2.0 mg/L for 5 minutes.

6. Recovery of Bacterial Activity After Shock Dosage with ClO 2 and Cl 2. L. McGuire, and T. Dishinger, "Chlorine Dioxide Solves Biofouling Problems in a Refinery Cooling Tower Used for Phenol Destruction," CTI, Houston, 1984.

8. Comparison of Oxidation Potential and Oxidation Capacity of Several Oxidants Along with Relative Oxidation of Materials Commonly Found in Cooling Water.

9. COMPARISON OF OXIDIZING BIOCIDES IN LIGHT OF THE CRITERIA OF AN 'IDEAL' BIOCIDE Report Card HOClHOBrClO 2 O3O3 PERFORMANCE High pHCBAA KineticsBBAA SelectivityCBAD BiofilmBBAC System Contamination CCAD Bacterial RecoveryBBAC ENVIRONMENTAL THMCCBA TOXCCBA Toxicity of primary oxidantBAAC of oxidation by-productsBBCA of oxidation reaction products BCAD residual life (short life best) CBCA SAFETY Easy to UseBBCB Safe to HandleBBCB ECONOMICS Clean SystemABBC Contaminated System CCAC Cumulative GPA2.62.83.32.7

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