1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Regional Knowledge Exchange on Decision-support Tools and Models to Project Improved Strategies for Integrated Management of Land, Water and Livelihoods WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning System Vinay Nangia, Ph.D.

2. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 2 How much river water can a user use? River flow ≠ Water available to a user Also reach gains/losses, reservoir storage, consumptive use, return flows, groundwater, soil moisture Delivery targets and water allocation priorities  Appropriation doctrine (first in time, first in right)  By purpose (e.g.: urban demands before environmental)  By location (e.g.: upstream, then downstream, or reverse) Prior withdrawals and deliveries Changes from month to month and year to year

3. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 3 How much river water can a user use? It’s complicated to track We’d like a model to do this WEAP History  First developed in 1992  WEAP21 version in 2005  Already 119 published applications (30 in 2012) Key model development steps 1.Draw the system schematic 2.Identify data for system components 3.Enter data and run the model

4. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 4 WEAP Highlights Integrated water resources planning system GIS-based, graphical drag & drop interface Basic methodology: physical simulation of water demands and supplies Additional simulation modeling: user- created variables and modeling equations Scenario management capabilities Links to spreadsheets & other models

5. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Modeling process in WEAP Defining the study area and time steps for analysis Creating of the current account Creating of future scenarios Evaluation of results

6. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 6 WEAP system elements Demand sites: A set of users sharing physical distribution system (geographical) Catchments: Points created to account for precipitation, ET, runoff, irrigation and yield from agricultural and non-agricultural fields Reservoirs: Reservoir sites on the river Stream flow gauges: Points where actual flow measurements are acquired, can be compared with simulated values Groundwater nodes: Represents groundwater sources and aquifers Waste water treatment plants

7. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas WEAP Capabilities Can doCannot do High level planning and strategic analysis at local, national and regional scales Demand management Water allocation Daily operations Least-cost optimization of supply and demand

8. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 8 Examples of analyses  Sectoral demand analyses  Water conservation  Water rights and allocation priorities  Groundwater and streamflow simulations  Reservoir operations  Hydropower generation  Pollution tracking  Ecosystem requirements

9. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 9 WEAP for vulnerability… Alternative baseline scenarios can examine vulnerability of water supplies to different demographic, technological, and climatalogical/hydrological futures and adaptability… Alternative policy scenarios can explore demand and supply management options for adapting to future vulnerability Implications for the multiple and competing demands on water systems Implications of policies can be evaluated (ability to meet water needs, hydropower availability, pollution loadings, costs, etc.)

10. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Sectoral water demands Irrigation Livestock Mining Industrial Commercial Ecosystems Domestic Major Cities Total Water Demand

11. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Illustrative Demand Structure Agriculture Industry Municipal Cotton Rice Wheat... Electric Power Petroleum Paper... South City West City... Irrigation... Cooling Processing Others Single Family Multi-family... Furrow Sprinkler Drip Standard Efficient... Kitchen Bathing Washer Toilet... SECTOR SUB-SECTOR END-USE DEVICE

12. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 12 Demand methods in WEAP Rainfall-runoff catchment method Mass balance “2 bucket” method Root zone soil moisture and below Physically-based (soil, plant, climate, irrigation) Computes crop ET, surface runoff, subsurface lateral seepage, deep percolation to GW, applied irrigation water Suitable for climate change scenarios

13. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 13 Demand methods in WEAP Per capita “unit” water use method Unit rate: Unit water use rate (e.g.: L/person, L/ha, L/home) Total activity level: Total level of activity for the demand category (people, area, homes) Demand volume = Unit rate X Total activity level

14. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 14 Ag demand (Physical parameters) Soil  Soil moisture holding capacity  Hydraulic conductivity  Initial soil moisture Plant  Crop coefficient (K c )  LAI (crop canopy to control surface runoff)

15. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 15 Ag demand (Physical parameters) Climate  Precipitation  Temperature  RH  Wind speed  Latitude  Melting point temp (snowmelt runoff)  Freezing point temp (snowpack accumulation) Irrigation  Lower soil moisture threshold (to start irrigation)  Upper soil moisture threshold (to stop irrigation)

16. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 16 Urban demand Urban indoor (per capita)  Single family  Multi family  Commercial  Industrial Urban outdoor (catchment)  Single family  Multi family  Commercial  Large landscape

17. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 17 Supplies Rivers Groundwater  storage capacity  maximum monthly withdrawal  natural recharge Diversions (e.g. canals, pipelines) Reservoirs Other (e.g. desalination)

18. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Schematic View Click and drag to create a new demand site

19. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 19 Network

20. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Data View Data is displayed numerically and graphically

21. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Results View Results can be displayed in wide range of formats and scales

22. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 22 Availability Evaluation version available at no charge (CDs available here) or download from http://www.weap21.org http://www.weap21.org Full version requires license, available from SEI Training is needed for majority of users System requirements Windows 95 or later 32 MB of RAM (64 MB suggested) Imports from/exports to Excel and Word (not required) Uses standard ArcView GIS shape files. ArcView is not required.

23. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Thank you