1. Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 1 Detection and Alarm Systems

2. 1. Importance of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
1.1. Time Element
1.2. Notification
a. Type A Manual Alarm
b. Type B Automatic Alarm
1.3. Activation
Note: Studies with children and notification!

3. 2. Types of Detectors
2.1. There are three broad classifications of fire detection: Heat, Smoke & Flame Detectors.
2.2. Fire Detectors are used in a variety of fire prevention and suppression systems.

4. 3. Classification of Heat Detectors
3.1. Heat Detectors respond to the excess heat generated in a fire
3.2. Two subclassifications based on operation
Fixed Temperature which operate at predetermined temperature
Rate of Rise operate based on a specified rate of temperature rise (degrees/min.)

5. 4. Smoke Detectors
4.1. Smoke detectors respond to the presence of smoke
4.2. General Information

6. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
4.3. Two Classifications
Photoelectric smoke detectors
Ionization smoke detectors

7. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
Photoelectric smoke detectors

8. 4.3. Classifications of Smoke Detectors
Ionization smoke detectors

9. PROPER LOCATION OF SMOKE DETECTORS
VS 19-2
PROPER LOCATION OF SMOKE DETECTORS
On Each Level of House
Outside Sleeping Areas
Dining
Kitchen BR BR
Bedroom No. 1
Bedroom No. 2
Hallway
Dining
Room
Living
Room
Bath
Basement
Living Room
Entry
Master Bedroom

10. PROPER MOUNTING OF SMOKE DETECTORS
VS 19-3
PROPER MOUNTING OF SMOKE DETECTORS
Horizontal Distance
from Peak
No Closer
than
4 inches
(102 mm)
From
Side Wall
Best in
Center of
Ceiling
Dead Air
Space
Mount on Wall
at least
4 inches
(102 mm)
from ceiling
No more than 12 inches
(305 mm)
from ceiling
3 Feet
(1m)
Best Location
Acceptable Location

11. 5. Flame Detectors
5.1. Flame detectors respond to the presence of a flame
5.2. General Information
5.3. Principle of Operation

12. 6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors
6.1. In general, fire detectors are normally placed on the ceiling or within 12" of ceiling
6.2. Where possible the detectors should be located throughout entire building

13. 6.0 Placement of Fire Detectors Cont’d
6.3. Spacing of detectors will vary based on several factors
6.4. Connection to Remote Locations
6.5. Testing & Maintenance of fire detectors

14. 7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm System
7.1. Power supply
7.2. Detectors & manual pull boxes
7.3. Signal supervisors

15. 7.0 Components to a Fire Alarm System Cont’d
7.4. Local Alarms
7.5. Indicator Boards
7.6. Reference for Alarm Systems

16. Section 2 “Fixed Extinguishment Systems”
Unit 3 Fire Suppression
Section 2 “Fixed Extinguishment Systems”

17. 1. Introduction to Sprinkler Systems
1.1. Effectiveness of Sprinkler Systems
1.2. Function of Sprinklers
1.3. Advantages of Sprinklers
1.4. Cost of Sprinklers

18. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.1. There are four major classifications of sprinkler systems

19. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.2. Wet-pipe Systems
  Operation of system

20. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
Dry Pipe System
    Operation of system

21. activation / trip pressure for valve
Dry Pipe System
Two question to ask:
activation / trip pressure for valve
is air pressure greater than activation/trip pressure (should be 10 – 15 psi greater)
Activation/Trip pressure = 40 psi
Air
Air pressure should be 50 – 55 psi
Water
Activation/Trip pressure set by the manufacture
70 psi

22. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
2.4. Pre-action Systems
  Operation of System
  Advantages over dry pipe system
Disadvantage--two systems must both function properly

23. 2. Types of sprinkler systems
Deluge sprinkler system
Operation of system
Uses of Deluge System

24. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.1. Water Supplies
  Types of water supplies
· Public Water
· Pressure Tanks

25. Basic Sprinkler System Components
Types of water supplies
Gravity feed from tank
Easier for water to flow down than up

26. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
Types of water supplies
· Fire pumps
· Fire Department
Connections

27. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
Amount of water supply
a. Hazard of Occupancy—most important
· Light hazard class
· Ordinary hazard class
Group 1
Group 2
· Extra hazard class

28. Basic Sprinkler System Components
a. Hazard of occupancy
Hazard Class
Combustibility of Content
Amount of Combustibles
Heat Liberation
Heads Open
Light
Low
Few
Ordinary Group 1
Moderate
Ordinary Group 2
Moderate - High
Extra Hazard Group 1
Very High
Many
Extra Hazard Group 2

29. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
Amount of water supply
b. Obstructions to water delivery
c. High ceilings
d. Unprotected vertical openings between floors
e. Division of spaces

30. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
Calculating water supply
Q = k √P
Where:
Q = supply (GPM)
k = coefficient of orifice (inside pipe size)
P = pressure (PSI)

31. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.2. Sprinkler Piping
The piping and type of valve will vary depending on type of system
Types of piping
Hydraulic design
of systems

32. SPRINKLER PIPING public water supply - 8” – 12”
riser (alarms, water flow valve, sprinkler valve)
tank (or natural water supply
yard main 6” – 8” always below freeze line
cross main
“open” or “closed”
should be “open”
feed main
sprinkler head
branch lines
post indicator valve
pad lock
unlock to close valve
public water supply - 8” – 12”

33. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.3. Sprinkler Valves
  The purpose of a sprinkler valve is to retain & control flow of water and to isolate individual risers.

34. CONTROL VALVE LOCATION
VS 15-4
CONTROL VALVE LOCATION
Every system will have two valves: a main water control valve and a sprinkler valve.
The main control valve should always be in the OPEN position.
Main Control Valve
(OS&Y)

35. TYPES OF CONTROL VALVES
VS 15-5
OS&Y (Outside Screw and Yoke)
PIV (Post Indicator Valve)
WPIV (Wall Post Indicator Valve)

36. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.4. Alarms on Sprinkler Systems
Every sprinkler system should
have an alarm that sounds when water flows through the
system.
3.4.2. Types of Alarms
Supervisory signals

37. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.5. Test Connections
   Two Inch Drain Test
  Inspectors Test Connection

38. 3.6. Sprinkler Heads 3.6.1. Operating Principle
Deflector
Frame Arms
Release Mechanism (Fusible Link)
Lever Arms
Valve Cap

39. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
  Type based on position

40. VS 15-3
SPRINKLER DESIGNS
Pendant
Upright
Sidewall

41. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
Type based on activation
  a. Solder-link
  b. Frangible bulb
  c. Fusible pellet

42. Fusible Link (Standard) Fusible Link (Quick Response)
VS 15-2
RELEASING MECHANISMS
Fusible Link (Standard)
Frangible Bulb
Fusible Link (Quick Response)
Chemical Pellet

43. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
Deflectors
  Flow rates

44. VS 15-3
SPRINKLER DESIGNS
Pendant
Upright
Sidewall

45. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
3.6.6. Temperature rating of sprinkler heads
 Non-Colored  Ordinary  F
 White  Intermediate  F
 Blue  High  F
 Red  Extra High  F
 Green  Very High  F
 Orange  Ultra High  F

46. 3. Basic Sprinkler System Components
3.6. Sprinkler Heads
Special service sprinkler heads

47. 4. Location and Spacing of Sprinklers
4.1. Fundamental rule
  Reference on location and spacing: NFPA code 13, Sprinkler Standards

48. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.3. Spacing depends on the class of hazard of occupancy and the type of ceiling construction
  Light hazard - 15' maximum between sprinklers
  Ordinary hazard ' ft depending on use of area
  Extra hazard - 12' maximum

49. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.4. Sprinklers must also be spaced so that each sprinkler does not protect more than a specified area:
  Light hazard occupancy—floor area/sprinkler maximum of square feet, depending on type of ceiling
  Ordinary hazard occupancy--max. area per sprinkler square feet, depending on use of space
Extra hazard occupancy--90 square feet sprinkler maximum
Extra High Hazard
90 ft2

50. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.5. Determine protection area for sprinkler heads using the following formula:
  As = S X L
Where “S” is the distance between heads on the lines and “L” is the distance between branch lines.

51. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers 4. 5
4. Location and spacing of sprinklers Protection area of sprinklers along “walls” As = S X L S is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the next sprinkler head L is the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the distance to the next branch line.
4 ft
AS = S x L
S = 3 x 2 = 6 or 10
L = 4 x 2 = 8 or 9
AS = 90 ft
10 ft
3 ft
9 ft

52. 4. Location and spacing of sprinklers
4.6. Other location specifications that may influence spacing

53. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.1. Application
5.2. Advantages
5.3. Disadvantage

54. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.4. Storage of CO2
  5.5. Delivery Mechanism

55. 5. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
5.6. Types of fixed systems
  Total flooding
  Local application
5.7. Inspection of Systems

56. 6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.1. Application
6.2. Operation of system
                                                                  

57. Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
Types of fixed systems
 Total flooding
apply to an entire room or confined area
Local application
applying CO2 over the surface of the tank
local application
Acid Pickling Tank

58. 6. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems
6.4. Quantity and rate of application is determined by a qualified professional
  Inspection and maintenance must be completed at least once each year (NFPA Code #17)

59. 7. Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.1. Application
7.2. Inspection and maintenance
7.3. Fire code for foam systems is NFPA # and NFPA #16 for foam-H2 combination systems

60. Foam Fire Extinguishing System
7.4. Types of systems
fixed
activate with detector head
high hazard areas
portable
fire departments
7.5 Video on Foam
mechanical agitation
air
liquid

61. Unit 3 Fire Extinguishment
Section 3 “Explosion Prevention”

62. 1. Introduction 1.1. Principles of Explosion Prevention
  a) Venting to relieve the pressure
 b) Suppression to extinguish or retard the deflagration
 c) Purging to eliminate the combustible mixture

63. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.1. Location of hazardous operations
2.2. Design of the vent
  Location of vent is important
  Size of vent
  Design variables for vents

64. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
Most effective vent for release of explosion pressure is an unobstructed vent opening
  Several small vents may be as effective as one large opening as long as total area is the same

65. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.3. Design of vent closures
The nearer a vent is located to the point of explosion the more effective it will be
  If diaphragms (of the same size and thickness) are made thicker then more pressure will be required to rupture them

66. 2. Fundamentals of explosion venting
2.4. Maintenance of vents

67. 3. Explosion Suppression
3.1. Elements in the system
Pressure Detector
Suppressors
Suppressant Material