1. 1 GREETINGS TO DELEGATES AT THE TRAINING WORKSHOP ON COMPETITION POLICY AND LAW PHNOM PENH 10 MARCH 2006

2. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy2 ECONOMIC REFORMS AND COMPETITION LAW IMPLEMENTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Dr. S. CHAKRAVARTHY (Profession : Civil Servant) Formerly, Member, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, Member, High Level Committee on Competition Policy and Law And Member of Committee for Drafting the Law. Presently, Adviser/Consultant Competition Policy and Law HYDERABAD, INDIA

3. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy3 LPG PARADIGM PRE - 1991POST - 1991 LICENSING PLANNING GOVERNMENT LIBERALISATION PRIVATISATION GLOBALISATION

4. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy4 L P G PARADIGM ( POST - 1991 ) RECENT POLICY CHANGES FROM 1991 ONWARDS INCLUDE: DEREGULATION AND SIMPLIFICATION OF LICENSING AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES EXEMPTION OF A LARGE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES FROM LICENSES, APPROVALS AND QUOTAS NEW ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT MEASURES DIVESTITURE AND SALE OF GOVERNMENT ASSETS GRADUAL DECLINE IN THE INTERVENTIONIST ROLE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATISATION ENCOURAGING COMPETITION

5. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy5 COMPETITION REGIME ONE OF THE ECONOMIC REFORMS PACKAGE IS TO PUT IN PLACE A COMPETITION REGIME THIS INVOLVES FORMULATION OF A COMPETITION POLICY AND A COMPETITION LAW COMPETITION POLICY ENVELOPS ALL EXECUTIVE POLICIES OF THE GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE POLICIES NEED TO CONFORM TO COMPETITION PRINCIPLES

6. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy6 PRE - REQUISITES FOR COMPETITION POLICY  INDUSTRIAL POLICY  SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR POLICY  PRIVATISATION AND REGULATORY REFORMS  TRADE POLICY  STATE MONOPOLIES POLICY  LABOUR POLICY

7. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy7 INDUSTRIAL POLICY  INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION POLICY  DURING PRE-REFORMS LPG ERA LICENSING PREDOMINATED  DURING POST-REFORMS LPG ERA 1. LICENSES REQUIRED ONLY FOR A FEW SELECT INDUSTRIES (CORE INDUSTRIES AND DEFENCE ENTERPRISES) 2. GREATER AUTONOMY FOR PEs 3. GREATER PRIVATE SECTOR OWNERSHIP

8. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy8 SMALL SECTOR PROTECTION POLICY - ENCOURAGE AND PROMOTE SMALL, COTTAGE AND HANDLOOM SECTORS RESERVATIONS FOR THE SMALL SCALE SECTOR THEY SUFFER FROM OLD TECHNOLOGY, LACK OF RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT, HIGH COST OF PRODUCTION AND SALE GLOBAL COMPETITION CAN EXTINGUISH THE SMALL SCALE AND COTTAGE SECTORS COMPETITION LAW COULD EXEMPT SMALL SECTOR FOR A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME TO ENABLE IT TO BRACE ITSELF TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF COMPETITION

9. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy9 PRIVATISATION AND REGULATORY REFORMS  IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FIRST GENERATION REFORMS UNDER IMPLEMENTATION  SECOND GENERATION REFORMS BEING FORMULATED AND IMPLEMENTED  REFORMS POLICIES NEED TO INHERE COMPETITION PRINCIPLES  NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY TO PROVIDE FOR NEEDS, ASPIRATIONS AND GOALS OF THE COUNTRY

10. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy10 TRADE POLICY  THIS INCLUDES (ESSENTIALLY WTO – RELATED) TARIFFS QUOTAS SUBSIDIES ANTI-DUMPING ACTION DOMESTIC CONTENT REGULATIONS EXPORT RESTRAINTS  TRADE POLICY NEEDS TO CONFORM TO COMPETITION PRINCIPLES

11. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy11 STATE MONOPOLIES POLICY  STATE MONOPOLIES AND PUBLIC ENTERPRISES - AGENTS OF GOVERNMENT WITH SOCIO ECONOMIC POLITICAL GOALS  BUT SUCH ENTERPRISES SHOULD ALSO BE IN COMPETITION TO SUBSERVE CONSUMER INTEREST  APPROPRIATE BLEND OF COMPETITION PRINCIPLES AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES TOWARDS STATE AND OTHER MONOPOLIES  COMPETITION LAW SHOULD APPLY TO ALL UNDERTAKINGS INCLUDING PUBLIC ENTERPRISES AND STATE MONOPOLIES AND THEREFORE CAN PREVENT RTPs, UTPs & MTPs ON THEIR PART

12. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy12 LABOUR POLICY  LABOUR LEGISLATION PROTECTS LABOUR INTEREST  SOME LEGISLATIONS DO NOT PERMIT ENTERPRISES DESIRING TO EXIT TO DO SO EASILY  UNVIABLE UNITS IMPOSE HEAVY PRICE ON THE SOCIETY  COMPETITION DEMANDS CONTESTABLE MARKET (EASY ENTRY, EASY EXIT)  LEGISLATION NEEDS AMENDMENTS TO PROVIDE FOR EASY EXIT SUBJECT TO PROTECTION OF LEGAL OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES DUE TO THE LABOUR

13. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy13 GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES ON FDI (INDIA)  AFTER INDEPENDENCE (1947) – STRATEGY OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AND LOCAL CAPABILITY IMPROVEMENT – FDI WELCOMED  LATE 60s AND 70s – RESTRICTIONS ON FDI ON ROYALTY PAYMENTS, DURATION AND CAP ON FOREIGN EQUITY  DURING 80s – FDI POLICY LIBERALISED – IMPORT OF CAPITAL GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY EASED, TARIFFS REDUCED, EXPORT ORIENTED UNITS EXEMPTED FROM FOREIGN EQUITY CAP  POST – 1991 LPG ERA – MAJOR TRACK CHANGES, LIBERAL TRADE POLICY, CAPITAL MARKET REFORMS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL RELAXED AND CONSIDERABLE INCREASE IN FOREIGN EQUITY CAP, MORE INDUSTRIES OPENED FOR FDI AND NATIONAL TREATMENT TO FOREIGN COMPANIES

14. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy14 FDI INFLOWS INTO INDIA (1991-2002)

15. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy15 INFERENCES FROM DATA ON FDI (INDIA)  INCREASE IN FDI INFLOWS PARTLY DUE TO POST – 1991 ECONOMIC REFORMS  THIS IS ALSO ATTRIBUTABLE TO SHARP EXPANSION IN THE GLOBAL FDI OUT FLOWS  MACRO – ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS OF INDIA ARE RESPONSIBLE PARTLY  INDUSTRIAL GROWTH RATE AND FDI INFLOWS HAVE A CORRESPONDENCE  SERVICES SECTOR IS RECEIVING MORE FDI NOW THAN A DECADE AGO  GOVERNMENTAL POLICY INFLUENCED THE EFFECT OF FDI ON DOMESTIC INVESTMENTS (MARUTI CAR)  40 % OF THE FDI INFLOWS ARE IN THE FORM OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS - GREEN FIELD INVESTMENTS ARE LESS NOW

16. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy16 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES A DESIGNING COMPETITION LAW IS A CHALLENGE FOR MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NO ONE SIZE FITS ALL COMPETITION LAW UNIVERSAL COMPETITION LAW IS NEITHER PRACTICAL NOR DESIRABLE COUNTRY’S STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, SYSTEMS, GOALS, ASPIRATIONS ETC NEED TO BE FACTORED IN WIDE CONSULTATIONS WITH ALL STAKEHOLDERS

17. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy17 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES B COMPETITION CULTURE LACKING IN GOVT,BUSINESS AND GENERAL PUBLIC LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF COMPETITION IS INADEQUATE IN MOST DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

18. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy18 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES C COMPETITION AUTHORITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOCUS MORE ON STRUCTURE THAN BEHAVIOUR OF ENTERPRISES STRUCTURE ANALYSES ARE IMPORTANT BUT BEHAVIOUR ANALYSES ARE MORE IMPORTANT BEHAVIOUR ANALYSES REQUIRE BETTER EXPERTISE AND MORE RESOURCES

19. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy19 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES D COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT IS HARDLY A PRIORITY ITEM FOR GOVTS BUDGETARY ALLOCATION IS POOR, IF NOT DISMAL COMPETITION CULTURE AND BUDGETARY ALLOCATION GO HAND IN HAND

20. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy20 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES E PERSONNEL CONSTRAINTS HINDER ENFORCEMENT COMPETENT AND QUALIFIED STAFF ARE NEITHER AVAILABLE OR ARE DIFFICULT TO RETAIN MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH IS REQUIRED BUT IS LACKING TRAINING FACILITIES ARE INADEQUATE

21. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy21 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES F COMPETITION AUTHORITY NEEDS TO BE MANNED BY PERSONS WITH EXPERTISE AND KNOWLEDGE IN COMPETITION, ADJUDICATION. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DO NOT FIND SUCH PERSONS IN ADEQUATE NUMBERS. QUALITY OF ADJUDICATION AND ENFORCEMENT SUFFERS FROM INADEQUATE BUDGETARY ALLOCATION. INDEPENDENCE OF COMPETITION AUTHORITY IS UNDERMINED BY EXCESSIVE GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL

22. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy22 IMPLEMENTATION BLUES G CONSUMER MOVEMENT IS WEAK IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS AND NGOs ARE NEEDED FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND BRINGING FORWARD COMPLAINTS BEFORE THE COMPETITION AUTHORITY CONSUMER EDUCATION IS LACKING

23. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy23 COMPETITION ADVOCACY TO OVER COME THE IMPLEMENTATION BLUES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WOULD DO WELL IN TAKING UP STRONG ADVOCACY MEASURES THEY SHOULD HAVE A STRONG POLITICAL WILL TO ENFORCE COMPETITION POLICY AND LAW COMPETITION AUTHORITY SHOULD BE A COMPETITION ADVOCATE

24. Copyright - Dr. S. Chakravarthy24 THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION