1. Imperialism
Nature and Causes

2. Forms of Imperialism
Peoples of European descent, including Russians and North Americans, created colonial settlements, or “neo-Europes,” displacing or assimilating indigenous peoples.

3. Forms of Imperialism
European states and commercial firms established considerable economic domination in certain areas, notably Latin America and China, while Japan and the United States also participated in this economic expansionism.

4. Forms of Imperialism
In the later 19th century, European states embarked on the “new imperialism” or the competitive race to establish political as well as economic control over previously uncolonized regions of Africa and Asia.

5. Meiji Restoration 1889 – Meiji Constitution
Modeled after German Constitution
All citizens equal before the law
Established parliament with limited powers
Maintained Emperor with autocratic powers
Limited suffrage to male property owners
The goal was not to bring democracy, but to unite Japan

6. Meiji Economic Reform Government improved and added to infrastructure
Encouraged Western business practices
Sent advisors overseas to learn
Recognized need to industrialize
Promoted cooperation, not competition (as in America)
Zaibatsu – large financial and industrial corporations that concentrated many business forms into one company dominated by a single family

7. Social Changes
Encouraged Western education model and content, but loyalty to family and Emperor were emphasized
Free to choose occupation, but class distinction still held on
Women remained second-class citizens

8. Japan as Imperialist Nation
Why would Japan be motivated to strengthen its military, one of the key factors in its economic development?

9. British Rule in India
Parliament, as the British governing body, made all legislation for the area and was the ultimate authority
A Viceroy was appointed to oversee affairs in India
British civil servants held all top positions
British law and government was the norm throughout the region

10. Political Impact of British Rule on India
The implementation of British law throughout the region served to unite and mold the nation of India
Government became an avenue of advance for some educated Indians in that the British made use of Indians as lower level civil servants and sepoys
Attempted to promote Indian democratic values with the founding of the Indian National Congress

11. Economic Impact of British Rule
After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British spent immense sums of money to develop India economically – What would be their motivation in doing so?
Built and improved India’s infrastructure: the British improved roads, built railroads and telegraph systems, modernized ports and sewer systems
This helped improve trade and transportation between India and Britain
Also aided England in controlling the colony
Forced high taxes on Indians to support army there

12. Economic Impact of British Rule
Exploited the Indians economically and kept it from modernizing and industrializing
Indians were made to trade only with England and buy the low-cost British textiles; served to destroy India’s cottage industry & impoverished the Indian countryside especially
In order to pay for these goods, many Indians (zamindars – used as local revenue collectors and eventually became large landowners through peasant forfeiture) and British landowners turned to growing cash crops (e.g. cotton, jute) that could be sold on the world market
This meant periodic famines and food shortages throughout India

13. Social Effects in India
Improved health care and infrastructure led to a reduction in disease and the death rate. This led to the beginnings of a population explosion.
The changes caused by the slow erosion of the cottage industries as well as the population growth led to urbanization. Many young Indians sought job opportunities in the large port cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
This also led to the slow erosion of the caste system as caste was harder to identify in cities.

14. Social Effects in India
The British allowed for increased educational opportunities for wealthy Hindus and Muslims.
The schools, however, emphasized British culture and the English language.
English became the common language and further served to unite the region.
All of these changes meant the growth of a small, educated middle class.
British racial attitudes ensured that Indians would always be considered less than equal to a British citizen.

15. Imperialism
“The more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. … If there be a God, I think what he would like me to do is to paint as much of the map of Africa British red as possible.”
Cecil Rhodes

16. Political – Administrative Systems
Direct Rule (Assimilation)
Indirect Rule (Association)

17. Economic Policies
Infrastructure
Cost
Development of money economy

18. Social Transformations
Missionaries
Education
Color Bar (Westernization)