1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism

3. Life before the Industrial Revolution
After the Revolutions in America, France, and Latin America changed the way government worked, the Industrial Revolution changed the way people did work.
This begs the question “If this changed the way people worked…How did they work before the Industrial Revolution?”

4. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced

5. Industrial Revolution
Period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.
It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.

7. Why Great Britain Why did the most important economic change since the Agricultural revolution begin on this Island?

8. Why Britain – One More Time
Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
European demographic changes
Urbanization
Improved agricultural productivity
Legal protection of private property
An abundance of rivers and canals
Access to foreign resources
The accumulation of capital

9. Industrial Revolution Essentials
Origin in England, because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine
Spread to Europe and the United States
Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries
Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement
Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries
Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

10. Innovation Spurs Progress

12. Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution
James Hargreaves - Spinning jenny
James Watt—Steam engine
Eli Whitney—Cotton gin
Henry Bessemer—Process for making steel

13. Watt’s Steam Engine
Internal Combustion Engine

14. Advancements in science and medicine
Edward Jenner—Developed smallpox vaccination
Louis Pasteur—Discovered bacteria

16. Enter the Factory Production is centralized into one building
Industrial Factory – Chief means of organizing labor around the new machines

17. Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries
Population increase
Increased standards of living for many, though not all
Improved transportation
Urbanization
Environmental pollution
Increased education
Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
Growth of the middle class

18. The nature of work in the factory system
Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system
Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages
Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high
Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers
The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

19. Second Industrial Revolution
As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan
The “second Industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century.

20. New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories

21. The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources
Cotton
Rubber
Palm oil
Sugar
Wheat
Meat
Guano
Metals
Minerals
The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods

22. Industrial Impact Abroad
The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies
Textile industry in India
The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets
British and French attempts to "open up" Chinese markets during the nineteenth century for their finished goods.

23. Need…
The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers
Copper in Mexico
Gold and diamonds in South Africa

24. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions

25. Capitalism
The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill

26. Financial Instruments
Stock markets
Insurance
Gold Standard
Limited Liability Corporations

27. Large-scale Transnational Businesses
The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses
United Fruit Company,
The HSBC- Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

28. There were major developments in transportation and communication

29. Developments in Transportation and Communication
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals

30. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses

33. Impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery
The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.
The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

34. Social effects and Reforms of the Industrial Revolution
Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor
Introduction of reforms to end child labor
Expansion of public education
State pensions and public health (Germany)
Increased male suffrage (Britain)
Women’s increased demands for suffrage

35. Child Labor

36. The rise of labor unions
Encouraged worker-organized strikes to increase wages and improve working conditions
Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
Wanted worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

38. Capitalism Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities
Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class
Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

39. In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions

40. Utopian Socialism
Exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen
Inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists
Generally don't feel class struggle or political revolutions are necessary to implement their ideas; that people of all classes might voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it were presented convincingly

41. Socialism and communism
Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Capital
Response to the injustices of capitalism
Importance of redistribution of wealth to the communists

42. Other Responses
In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production
China’s Self-Strengthening Movement

43. In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization
Economic reforms of Meiji Japan
Developments of factories and railroads in Czarist Russia
Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt

44. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy

45. New social class, including the middle class and the industrial working class developed
Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to urbanization
Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions as well as to new forms of community
Tenement housing

46. Final Thoughts
Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world.
It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a “good,” but it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social relations, and culture.
Although it is common to speak of an “Industrial Revolution,” the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, eventually becoming global.