1. Proteins that make reactions happen

2. Metabolism: the complete set of chemical reactions occurring in cells  Anabolism: using energy to build macromolecules  Catabolism: releasing energy by the enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules  Energy Coupling: Energy released by the breakdown of a molecule is used to fuel the creation of another

3.  Potential: stored energy ◦ Ex. Bowling ball held overhead  The ability to cause change  Kinetic: energy at work ◦ Ex. Bowling ball falling to the ground  The occurrence of change

4.  The formation and breaking of covalent bonds between atoms

5.  Endothermic rxn: requires energy input Energy A + B + Energy -> AB  Exothermic rxn: releases excess free energy as heat Energy AB -> A + B+ Energy

7.  Energy required to destabilize chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction  Supplied by ATP

10. Adenosine Tri-phosphate  Similar to a nucleotide but with 3 phosphate groups  Used as energy currency for cells  Energy is released when unstable third phosphate is released  ATP is created during cellular respiration

13. By coupling an exothermic reaction (the release of a phosphate from ATP) with an endothermic reactions (the acceptance of the phosphate by an enzyme) cells can transfer energy between molecules to perform work

14.  A protein  Lowers the activation energy of a reaction (catalyst)  Can be reused  Typically uses ATP for the energy it requires

16.  An organic molecule that will undergo a reaction when paired with an appropriate enzyme

18.  The location on an enzyme where the substrate binds

20.  A particular enzyme can only bind with a particular substrate due to complementation of 3-dimensional configurations

23. Industrial UsesWhy?  Develop lactose free milk  Sweeten yogurt  Smoother ice cream  Speed cottage cheese production  Some people lack lactase  Glucose sweeter than lactose  Lactose makes gritty ice cream  Bacteria ferment monomers more quickly

24.  Lock and Key  Substrate and enzyme fit perfectly together  Induced Fit  Enzyme and substrate both slightly change 3-D structure to fit together

28. activity is reduced or halted  The process by which enzymatic activity is reduced or halted by the presence of an inhibitory molecule that binds to the enzyme.

29.  Competitive  Inhibitory molecule binds directly to the active site, preventing substrate-enzyme complex  Non-competitive  Inhibitory molecule binds to another site (allosteric site) on enzyme, changing the 3-D shape of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind to the active site

33.  Non-competitive inhibition is an example of allosteric regulation  Occurs when a protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.  Can result in stimulation or inhibition of enzyme activity.

35.  Enzymes work together in sequence or in cycles to catalyze a whole series of reactions  The product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next

37.  The end product of a biochemical pathway serves as a non-competitive inhibitor to the enzyme responsible for initiating the pathway  Also known as feedback inhibition