1. Free Trade vs Fair Trade Winners and Losers

2. Why trade? Specialization and economies of scale in production lead to greater quantity of production in all trading countries and thus increased incomes and higher standard of living (economic welfare) Specialization and economies of scale in production lead to greater quantity of production in all trading countries and thus increased incomes and higher standard of living (economic welfare) International trade and international economic interdependence may reduce tensions and promote peace among nations of the world International trade and international economic interdependence may reduce tensions and promote peace among nations of the world

3. NAFTA Free trade Free trade  Elimination of tariff, gradual in some cases  Exceptions Free capital movements/investment Free capital movements/investment====================RationalesStability Economic prosperities for all parties Will reduce illegal immigration

4. Concerns Economic Disparities Economic Disparities Environmental concerns Environmental concerns Labor concerns Labor concerns Inequalities Inequalities

5. Why free trade may not be fair: Limited potentials for trade in the developing world Limited potentials for trade in the developing world Winners and losers in both developed and developing countries Winners and losers in both developed and developing countries The mismatches The mismatches  Tastes  Regulations  Standards  Cultures  Economic and social institutions  Etc.

6. Has NAFTA been successful? Economic growth Economic growth Income inequality and poverty reduction Income inequality and poverty reduction Economic stability Economic stability Immigration Immigration Has NAFTA resulted in real “free trade?” Has NAFTA resulted in real “free trade?”  Some non-tariff barriers have survived –The corn and tomato story –The maquiladoras –The emergence of China

7. Perils of Free Trade Transitional job losses (unemployment) Transitional job losses (unemployment) Lower incomes for some Lower incomes for some Loss of tariff income for some countries Loss of tariff income for some countries Infant industries at risk: A need for protection Infant industries at risk: A need for protection  Imperfect capital markets (Note: Some criticize protection of infant industries.) Level playing field? Level playing field?  From developed countries perspective  From developing countries perspective  Dumping laws There may be more losers and winners despite economic growth in some countries There may be more losers and winners despite economic growth in some countries

8. Where are we now? From GATT rounds (ending with the Uruguay Round) to WTO 1994 From GATT rounds (ending with the Uruguay Round) to WTO 1994 The rule of law in international trade The rule of law in international trade  Still the powerful have more clout Trade liberalization has favored the rich Trade liberalization has favored the rich  Still developing countries pay more tariffs than industrial rich  Patent laws  Capital liberalization vs labor liberalization Politics and the influence of special interests Politics and the influence of special interests The development rounds: From Doha (2001) to Cancun (2003) and Hong Kong (2005): not much accomplished The development rounds: From Doha (2001) to Cancun (2003) and Hong Kong (2005): not much accomplished

9. What to do? Treating developing countries differently Treating developing countries differently Developed countries should do something about their agriculture subsidies Developed countries should do something about their agriculture subsidies Remove escalating tariffs from processed agricultural goods Remove escalating tariffs from processed agricultural goods Liberalize unskilled-labor-intensive services Liberalize unskilled-labor-intensive services Liberalize labor migration Liberalize labor migration Reduction of non-tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Safeguards and dumping duties Safeguards and dumping duties

10. Fair Trade for Developing Countries The “most favored nation” principle should not be used as a bargaining tool by developed countries The “most favored nation” principle should not be used as a bargaining tool by developed countries Extended market access; the European example Extended market access; the European example Give them a break on subsidies Give them a break on subsidies Let them protect their new promising industries Let them protect their new promising industries

11. Agriculture The industrial world should stop or significantly reduce its agricultural subsidies, especially on those crops in which the developing countries may have a comparative advantage—e.g. cotton The industrial world should stop or significantly reduce its agricultural subsidies, especially on those crops in which the developing countries may have a comparative advantage—e.g. cotton Concentration of subsidies in the US Concentration of subsidies in the US Fair market prices are would help efficient producers while the impact of slightly higher prices on consumers will be minimal Fair market prices are would help efficient producers while the impact of slightly higher prices on consumers will be minimal

12. Tariff Policies Do not punish developing countries for attempting to increase the value added of there exports by processing them: escalating tariffs; e.g., oranges vs. orange juice Do not punish developing countries for attempting to increase the value added of there exports by processing them: escalating tariffs; e.g., oranges vs. orange juice The effective protection of processing could be much greater than the nominal tariff rate on a processed product The effective protection of processing could be much greater than the nominal tariff rate on a processed product Do not abuse “safeguards” and “dumping” duties; there is need for an international tribunal to rule on trade violations Do not abuse “safeguards” and “dumping” duties; there is need for an international tribunal to rule on trade violations

13. Non-Tariff Barriers Technical barriers: safety, standards, etc. Technical barriers: safety, standards, etc. Rules of origin Rules of origin Tendencies toward bilateral trade agreements; such agreements should be restricted: It may be in the interest of large (powerful) countries to try to enter into trade agreement with individual countries – e.g., Chile Morocco, Peru Tendencies toward bilateral trade agreements; such agreements should be restricted: It may be in the interest of large (powerful) countries to try to enter into trade agreement with individual countries – e.g., Chile Morocco, Peru

14. Unskilled Labor and Immigration Developed countries should open up their markets to low-skilled services of developing countries: trucking, shipping, etc. Developed countries should open up their markets to low-skilled services of developing countries: trucking, shipping, etc. The rich countries’ capital chases the cheap labor in developing countries. Why not liberalize the movement of low-skilled labor as well so that such labor can go the countries where the is a shortage of such labor The rich countries’ capital chases the cheap labor in developing countries. Why not liberalize the movement of low-skilled labor as well so that such labor can go the countries where the is a shortage of such labor

15. Institutional Reforms Who makes the rules of international trade? Who makes the rules of international trade? Who sets the agenda? Who sets the agenda? Who enforces the rules and how? Who enforces the rules and how? How are disagreements are resolved? How are disagreements are resolved? Transparency and openness in processes Transparency and openness in processes Enforcement mechanisms are not effective when used by developing countries; solution: trading “enforcement rights” Enforcement mechanisms are not effective when used by developing countries; solution: trading “enforcement rights”