1. Scheduling Memory Transactions

2. Synchronization alternatives: Transactional Memory  A (memory) transaction is a sequence of memory reads and writes executed by a single thread that either commits or aborts  If a transaction commits, all the reads and writes appear to have executed atomically  If a transaction aborts, none of its operations take effect  Transaction operations aren't visible until they commit (if they do)

3. Transactional Memory Implementations Hardware Transactional Memory  Transactional Memory [Herlihy & Moss, '93]  Transactional Memory Coherence and Consistency [Hammond et al., '04]  Unbounded transactional memory [Ananian, Asanovic, Kuszmaul, Leiserson, Lie, '05] … Software Transactional Memory  Software Transactional Memory [Shavit &Touitou, '97]  DSTM [Herlihy, Luchangco, Moir, Scherer, '03]  RSTM [Marathe et al., '06]  WSTM [Harris & Fraser, '03], OSTM [Fraser, '04], ASTM [Marathe, Scherer, Scott, '05], SXM [Herlihy] …

4. “Conventional” STM system high-level structure TM system OS-scheduler-controlled threads Contention Manager Contention Detection arbitrate proceed Abort/retry, wait greedy Aggressive Karma Polka Passive Polite

5. Talk outline Preliminaries Memory Transactions Scheduling: Rationale CAR-STM Adaptive TM Schedulers TM-scheduling OS support

6.  Loser resumes execution after pre-determined waiting period o May resume execution too early o May resume execution too late  Repeated collisions occur under high contention o Livelocks o Performance may become worse than single lock Scheduling-based CM to the rescue. Conventional conflict resolution policies are often insufficient

7. TM schedulers: rationale  Transactional threads controlled by TM-aware scheduler o Kernel-level, user-level  Richer “tool-box“ for reducing and/or preventing transaction conflicts Improve performance under high-contention

8.  “Adaptive Transaction Scheduling for transactional memory systems”, Yoo & Lee, SPAA'08  “CAR-STM: Scheduling-based collision avoidance and resolution for software transactional memory”, Dolev, Hendler & Suissa, PODC '08  “Steal-on-abort: dynamic transaction reordering to reduce conflicts in transactional memory”, Ansari, Jarvis, Kirkham, Kotsedilis, Lujan and Watson, HiPEAC'09 The first TM schedulers

9. Our work  “CAR-STM: Scheduling-based collision avoidance and resolution for software transactional memory” [Dolev, Hendler & Suissa, PODC '08]  “On the impact of Serializing Contention Management on STM performance” [Heber, Hendler & Suissa, OPODIS '09]  “Scheduling support for transactional memory contention management” [Fedorova, Felber, Hendler, Lawall, Maldonado, Marlier Muller & Suissa, PPoPP'10]

10. CAR-STM (Collision Avoidance and Reduction for STM) Design Goals  Limit Parallelism to a single transaction per core (or hardware thread)  Serialize conflicting transactions  Contention avoidance

11. CAR-STM high-level architecture Transaction queue #1 TQ thread Transaction thread T-Info Core #1 Serializing contention mgr. Dispatcher Collision Avoider Core #k Transaction queue #k

12. TQ-Entry Structure Transaction queue #1 TQ thread Transaction thread T-Info Core #1 Serializing contention mgr. Dispatcher Collision Avoider Core #k Transaction queue #k wrapper method Transaction data T-Info Trans. thread Lock, condition var

13. Transaction dispatching process Call Dispatcher with a T-Info pointer argument 1 Call app-specific conflict probability method 3 Dispatcher calls Collision Avoider 2 Enque transaction in most-conflicting queue. Put thread to sleep, notify TQ thread. 4 4

14. Transaction execution TQ thread Core #i Transaction queue #i wrapper method Transaction data T-Info Trans. thread Lock, condition var TQ thread executes transaction 1 TQ thread wakes-up transaction thread 2 TQ thread dequeues entry 3

15. Dispatcher / TQ-thread synchronization TQ thread Core #i Transaction queue #i Dispatcher When TQ is emptied, TQ thread goes to sleep 1 When dispatcher adds a transaction, it wakes-up TQ thread 2

16. Serializing Contention Managers  When two transactions collide, fail the newer transaction and move it to the TQ of the older transaction  Fast elimination of live-lock scenarios  Two SCMs implemented o Basic (BSCM) – move failed transaction to end of the other transactions' TQ o Permanent (PSCM) – Make the failed transaction a subordinate-transaction of the other transaction

17. PSCM TaTa Transaction queue #1 TQ thread Core #1 PSCM TbTb Transaction queue #k TQ thread Core #k TcTc TdTd TeTe Transactions a and b collide, b is older

18. PSCM Transaction queue #1 TQ thread Core #1 PSCM TbTb Transaction queue #k TQ thread Core #k TaTa TcTc TdTd TeTe Losing transaction and its subordinates are made subordinates of winning transaction TaTa TcTc

19. Execution time: STMBench7 R/W dominated workloads

20. Throughput: STMBench7 R/W dominated workloads

21. CAR-STM Shortcomings  May restrict parallelism too much  At most a single transactional thread per core/hardware- thread  Transitive serialization  High overhead  Non-adaptive

22. Talk outline Preliminaries Memory Transactions Scheduling: Rationale CAR-STM Adaptive TM Scheduling TM-scheduling OS support

23. “On the impact of Serializing Contention Management on STM performance”  CBench – synthetic benchmark generating workloads with pre-determined length and abort probability.  A low-overhead serialization mechanism  Better understanding of adaptive serialization algorithms

24. A Low Overhead Serialization Mechanism (LO-SER) Transactional threads Condition variables

25. A Low Overhead Serialization Mechanism (cont'd) 1) t Identifies a collision 2) t calls contention manager: ABORT_OTHER 3) t change status of t' to ABORT (writes that t is winner) tt' 4) t' identifies it was aborted

26. A Low Overhead Serialization Mechanism (cont'd) t t' 5) t' rolls back transaction and goes to sleep on the condition variable of t 6) Eventually t commits and broadcasts on its condition variable…

27. A Low Overhead Serialization Mechanism (cont'd) tt'

28. Requirements for serialization mechanism  Commit broadcasts only if transaction won a collision since last broadcast (or start of execution)  No waiting cycles (deadlock-freedom)  Avoid race conditions

29. LO-SER algorithm: data structures

30. LO-SER algorithm: pseudo-code

31. LO-SER algorithm: pseudo-code (cont'd)

33. Adaptive algorithms  Collect (local or global) statistics on contention level.  Apply serialization only when contention is high. Otherwise, apply a “conventional” contention-management algorithm.  We find that Stabilized adaptive algorithms perform better. First adaptive TM scheduler: “Adaptive transaction scheduling for transactional memory systems” [Yoo & Lee, SPAA'08]

34. CBench Evaluation CAR-STM incurs high overhead as compared with other algorithms Always serializing is bad in medium contention Always serializing is best in high contention Always serializing incurs no overhead in the lack of contention

35. CBench Evaluation Adaptive serialization fares well for all contention levels

36. CBench Evaluation Conventional CM performance degrades for high contention

37. CBench Evaluation (cont'd) CAR-STM has best efficiency but worst throughput

38. RandomGraph Evaluation Stabilized algorithm improves throughput by up to 30% Throughput and efficiency of conventional algorithms are bad

39. Preliminaries Memory Transactions Scheduling: Rationale CAR-STM Adaptive TM Schedulers TM-scheduling OS support Talk outline

40. “Scheduling Support for Transactional Memory Contention Management”  Implement CM scheduling support in the kernel scheduler (Linux & OpenSolaris)  (Strict) serialization  Soft serialization  Time-slice extension  Different mechanisms for communication between user- level STM library and kernel scheduler

41. TM Library / Kernel Communication via Shared Memory Segment (Ser-k)  User code notifies kernel on events such as: transaction start, commit and abort (in which case thread yields)  Kernel code handles moving thread between ready and blocked queues

42. Soft Serialization  Instead of blocking, reduce loser thread priority and yield  Efficient in scenarios where loser transactions may take a different execution path when retrying (non-determinism)  Priority should be restored upon commit or when conflicting transactions terminate

43. Time-slice extention  Preemption in the midst of a transaction increases conflict “window of vulnerability”  Defer preemption of transactional threads  avoid CPU monopolization by bounding number of extensions and yielding after commit  May be combined with serialization/soft serialization

44. Evaluation (STMBench7, 16 core machine) Conventional CM deteriorates when threads>cores Serializing by local spinning is efficient as long as threads ≤ cores

45. Evaluation - STMBench7 throughput Serializing by sleeping on condition var is best when threads>cores, since system call overhead is negligible (long transactions)

46. Evaluation - STMBench7 aborts data

47. Evaluation (STAMP applications)

48. Conclusions  Scheduling-based CM results in  Improved throughput in high contention  Improved efficiency in all contention levels  LO-SER-based serialization incurs no visible overhead  Lightweight kernel support can improve performance and efficiency  Dynamically selecting best CM algorithm for workload at hand is a challenging research direction

49. Thank you. Any questions?