1. THE FOUR SKILLS: SENDING: SPEAKING WRITING RECEIVING: LISTENING READING Each skill may need a separate approach, or they may be integrated into a single approach.

2. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS 3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary

3. V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm

4. Vowels of English (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initiallymediallyfinally 1. /i:/ eastsheetkey 2. /I/ ithitduty 3. /e / endsend 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ artheart car 6. / ɒ / oxfox

5. Vowels of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ɔ :/ allball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/oozechoosechew 10./  /upcup 11./з:/earnlearn stir 12./ə/ agopolicemaker

6. Vowels of English (continued) Diphthongs 13. /e ɪ / eightstraightstay 14. /ə ʊ / oakjoke slow 15. /a ɪ / icemicemy 16./a ʊ / outshouthow 17. / ɔɪ / oilboilboy 18. / ɪ ə/ earsbeardpeer 19. /eə/ airspairedhare 20. /uə/ curedtour

7. Consonants of English initiallymediallyfinally 1. /p/ pin spinkeep 2. /b/ bintubsclub 3. /t/ tell sticklight 4. /d/ day headslaid 5. /k/ keep skillstick 6. /g/ getjugsbag

8. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ʧ / chin reachedteach 8. / ʤ / jokehingedlarge 9. /m/ metsmoke team 10. /n/ netsnaketin 11. /ŋ/ ringssing 12. /l/ lotflingfull

9. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 13 /f/ fansoftif 14. /v/ vanleavesthief 15. / ɵ / thinmonthsbath 16./ ð / thenclothesbathe

10. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 17. /s/ siplistless 18. /z/ ziploserbuzz 19. / ʃ / shiprushedhush 20. / ʒ / measurerouge

11. Consonants of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 21. /h/ hotbehave 22. /r/ rottry 23. /w/ wattsweat 24. /j/ yatchtune

12. Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass

13. Word-stress (continued) Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps

14. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary: International Phonetic Alphabet: free downloading is possible Dictionaries on CD : listening to the pronunciation and it variety (e.g. British & American) now possible

15. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS (continued) 4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm INTONATION: rising / (yes /) falling \ (yes \) combination \/ (yes \/) RHYTHM: de dum de dum x ’x ’

16. Vowel sounds of English (Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initiallymediallyfinally 1. /i:/ eastsheetkey 2. /I/ ithitduty 3. /e / endsend 4. /æ/ and sand 5. /a:/ artheart car 6. / ɒ / oxfox

17. Vowel sounds of English initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ɔ :/ allball saw 8. /U/ put 9. /u:/oozechoosechew 10./  /upcup 11./з:/earnlearn stir 12. /ə/agopolicemaker

18. Vowel sounds of English ) Diphthongs 13. /e ɪ / eightstraightstay 14. /ə ʊ / oakjoke slow 15. /a ɪ / icemicemy 16./a ʊ / outshouthow 17. / ɔɪ / oilboilboy 18. / ɪ ə/ earsbeardpeer 19. /eə/ airspairedhare 20. /uə/ curedtour

19. Consonant sounds of English initiallymediallyfinally 1. /p/ pin spinkeep 2. /b/ bintubsclub 3. /t/ tell sticklight 4. /d/ day headslaid 5. /k/ keep skillstick 6. /g/ getjugsbag

20. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 7. / ʧ / chin reachedteach 8. / ʤ / jokehingedlarge 9. /m/ metsmoke team 10. /n/ netsnaketin 11. /ŋ/ ringssing 12. /l/ lotflingfull

21. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 13 /f/ fansoftif 14. /v/ vanleavesthief 15. / ɵ / thinmonthsbath 16./ ð / thenclothesbathe

22. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 17. /s/ siplistless 18. /z/ ziploserbuzz 19. / ʃ / shiprushedhush 20. / ʒ / measurerouge

23. Consonant sounds of English (continued) initiallymediallyfinally 21. /h/ hotbehave 22. /r/ rottry 23. /w/ wattsweat 24. /j/ yatchtune

24. Word-stress Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable ‘bargain ‘govern ‘secret ‘mischief ‘message ‘cabbage ‘surface ‘furnace ‘husband ‘butcher ‘proverb ‘thorough ‘oven ‘onion ‘compass

25. Word-stress ) Two-syllable words Stress on second syllable ad’mit for’bid suc’ced sup’press po’lice pay’ee dis’miss ag’ree se’lect re’quest pre’fer re’fer oc’cur ar’rest com’mence per’haps

26. Word-stress ) Three-syllable words Stress on first syllable ’advertise ’educate ’illustrate ’furniture ’government ’literature ’recognize ’signature ’tentative Stress on second syllable ad’venture com’mercial de’cision ex’ternal in’ternal per’mission re’vision spec’tator um’brella

27. Word-stress Three-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable,addres’see,ciga’rette,coin’cide,devo’tee,engi’neer,guaran’tee,recom’mend

28. Word-stress Four-syllable words Primary Stress on first syllable ’applicable ’accurately ’comfortable ’honourable Primary Stress on second syllable ad’vertisement ap’preciate a’rithmetic e’xaggerate par’ticipate pho’tography

29. Word-stress Four-syllable words Primary Stress on third syllable acci’dental appli’cation exhi’bition inde’pendent indi’vidual Primary Stress on fourth syllable dedica’tee exami’nee

30. Word-stress (words with more than four syllables Primary Stress on first syllable ‘favouritism ‘cannibalism ‘secularism Primary Stress on second syllable ad’venturousness en’thusiasm con’servatism Primary Stress on third syllable elec’tricity irre’sponsible popu’larity Primary Stress on fourth syllable acade’mician civili’zation pactici’pation

31. Word-stress stress change according to part of speech COMPARE: Noun/AdjectiveVerb ’absentab’sent ’accentac’cent ’concertcon’cert ’conflictcon’flict ’exportex’port ’producepro’duce ’subjectsub’ject