1. Ecology: The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

2. Biotic Factors Living organisms Dead organisms Organisms’ waste

3. Abiotic Factors Nonliving things in an ecosystem Ex.: Rocks, water, temperature, sunlight, oxygen, sand, climate

5. Biodiversity The number of different species in an area

7. Climate average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time determines kinds of species present

8. Climatograph

10. Abiotic factors affect biodiversity Temperature: very high or very low temp. limits biodiversity Water: amount limits biodiversity

11. Is high or low biodiversity better?

12. High biodiversity resists damage better! Ecosystem damage can come from –natural disasters (fire, flood, volcanic eruptions) –human impact

13. Human activities can lead to Habitat Destruction

14. Habitat The place where an organism lives

15. Competition Species sharing limited resources must compete

16. Invasive Exotic Species Species not native to a particular region. Can outcompete or prey on native species, threatening their survival Zebra mussels in Great Lakes

17. Kudzu in Alabama

18. Nutria in the Louisiana

19. Sericea lespedeza in Kansas

20. Cane Toads in Australia

21. Levels of Organization Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

23. Species: organisms that can breed and produce viable offspring.

24. Population: individuals of the same species in the same area.

25. Community: all populations of different species living together.

26. Ecosystem: all organisms in an area and their abiotic environment.

27. Biome: a region with specific communities and climate (temp. and precipitation).

28. Evolution: Process by which species change over time. Descent with Modification

29. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 English Naturalist HMS Beagle 1831-1836 Sailed around world gathering specimens and fossils and observing geology

30. Galapagos Islands

32. Darwin found unique animals Marine iguana Many other species that live no other place on earth.

33. Galapagos Island Finches

34. Darwin noticed that the finches on different islands were slightly different: Different beaks Different diets

35. Galapagos Tortoises Darwin noticed that the giant tortoises on different islands had different characteristic. How would Lamarck explain these differences? Galapagos tortoise closeup!

36. Why are the animals different? Each island has slightly different weather: lower islands are barren and dry, higher islands are wetter So, different islands have different vegetation, different habitat.

37. Tortoises with longer necks could reach the higher vegetation in drier areas, so they survived and reproduced, passing their long-necked genes to their offspring. Tortoises in wetter areas had plenty to eat and didn’t need long necks to survive and reproduce. Galapagos tortoise

38. Natural Selection: Individuals that have traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. “survival of the fittest” http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/spring_peeper/ sppe_camoflage2.JPG

39. Darwin’s steps of natural selection : Variation –inherited variation in every population Overproduction – populations produce more offspring than can possibly survive (leads to competition for resources!) Selection – individuals with favorable traits leave more offspring Adaptation – over time, favorable traits become more common in a population

40. Evolution: A change in an inherited characteristic of a population over time. Individuals DO NOT evolve!

41. Adaptation: An Inherited trait present in a population because it helps individuals survive AND reproduce in a given environment. Individuals may have adaptations, but they DO NOT CREATE adaptations through use. (That’s Loser Lamarck!)

42. Macroevolution (forming new species) is a slowww process! It takes many generations to develop adaptations!!!

43. Microevolution is a change in the gene frequencies of a population. Can happen quickly Ex: antibiotic resistant bacterial colonies

44. Coevolution Two species develop adaptations in response to one another Disea nivea Orchid and fly

45. Darwin’s Artificial Selection When breeding livestock, humans choose the parents with traits they want in the offspring. Ex: dogs, cows, horses, pigeons

46. Resistance The ability of an organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it. Ex: pesticide resistance

48. Terrestrial Biomes Tropical - low latitudes, warm, water varies –rain forests - lots of rain –savannas - less rain, long dry season –deserts - little rain, lower biodiversity –http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/imag es-of-a-tropical-biome/3205.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/imag es-of-a-tropical-biome/3205.html

49. Temperate - mid-latitudes, temp. varies grasslands - moderate water, cooler temps than savannas forests - plenty of rain, mild climate deserts - little rain, wide temp. range

50. High Latitude –taiga - forests in cold, wet climates –tundra - little rain, mostly frozen http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=taiga&form=QBIR&qs=n&sk=&sc=8- 5#focal=21f2731d29856171ea9611a8694e4371&furl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johndrew.com%2FAlaska%2520Image s%2FTundra%2520Approaching%2520the%2520Alaska%2520Range1.jpg

51. Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater - lakes, ponds, rivers Wetlands - mix of land/water Estuary - fresh meets salt water Marine - salty water

52. Biosphere: the part of the world in which life can exist

54. Ecological Methods Observing – what, how many, what are they doing? Experimenting – test hypothesis Modeling – large problems or long time frames.