1. Introduction to the Mole and Molar Mass

2. Purpose At the completion of this unit students will
Have a conceptual understanding of the mole as the method of “counting” items and finding the mass of items that can’t be seen.
Be able to calculate the number of items (molecules, atoms, ions, and formula units) if given the number of moles.
Be able to calculate the number of moles if given the number of items.
Be able to calculate the mass of a sample if given the number of moles in a sample.
Be able to calculate the number of moles in a sample if given the mass of a sample.
Be able to prepare a sample containing a given number of moles.
Be able to determine the molar mass of a compound.

3. Background When you buy eggs you usually ask for a _______ eggs. Dozen
You know that one dozen of any item is ______.
Dozen 12

4. Paper Paper is packaged by a ream. A ream of paper has 500 sheets.
Why is it useful to use units like a dozen or a ream?
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5. What determines how many items should make up a particular unit?

6. If you were asked to design a new unit to count something, what would you consider when choosing how many items should be included in your new counting unit?

7. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
As you know, a dozen represents 12 items.
What if I decided to make a new counting unit? I called this unit a DART. Each dart is
_____ items.
1 Dart = 4 items, just like
1 Dozen = 12 items 4

8. 1. A DART of oranges will have _____ oranges.4
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9. 2. A DART of pretzels has ____ pretzels.4
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10. 3. A DART of molecules of water has ____ molecules of water.4
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11. 4. A DART of particles has ___ particles.
4. A DART of particles has ___ particles. 4

12. 5. A DART of atoms of iron has _____ atoms of iron.4 26 Fe
55.85
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13. 6. A DART of formula units of salt has _______ formula units of salt.4
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14. 7. How many Hershey’s Kisses are in 2 DARTS? _______8
Image Source: SStevens 2005

15. 8. How many caramels are in 10 DARTS? _______40
Image source: SStevens 2005

16. 9. How many Dum Dum Pops are in 400 DARTS? _______
1600
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17. 10. How many Starbursts are in 1/2 DART? _____
Image source: SStevens 2005

18. 15. How many atoms of silver are in 20 DARTS? _______80 47 Ag
107.9
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19. Write the directions for finding the number of items if given the number of DARTS

20. 17. How many DARTS are 16 Hershey’s Kisses? ______4
Image Source: SStevens 2005

21. 18. How many DARTS are 100 pretzels? ____25
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22. 19. How many DARTS are 400 Starbursts? ____
100
Image Source: SStevens 2005

23. 20. How many DARTS is 1 orange? ________
(Write a fraction or a decimal.)
¼ 0.25
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24. 21. How many DARTS are 2 caramels? _____
0.5
Image Source: SStevens 2005

25. 23. How many DARTS are 48 Hershey’s Kisses? ____12
Image Source: SStevens 2005

26. 25. How many DARTS are 24 Jolly Ranchers? ______6
Image Source: SStevens 2005

27. 27. How many DARTS are 20 caramels? ______5
Image Source:Sstevens 2005

28. Write your own directions for finding the number of DARTS given the number of pieces

29. DARTS DART of molecules of water would be too small to see.
Scientists had to select a bigger unit for counting molecules of substances.
The unit scientists use is called a MOLE.

30. One MOLE of anything has 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 items.
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31. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
6.02 x 1023
One MOLE of anything has 6.02 x 1023 items.

32. A. What is the Mole? A counting number (like a dozen)
Avogadro’s number (NA)
1 mol = 6.02  1023 items
A large amount!!!!
VERY

33. A. What is the Mole?
HOW LARGE IS IT???
1 mole of hockey pucks would equal the mass of the moon!
1 mole of basketballs would fill a bag the size of the earth!
1 mole of pennies would cover the Earth 1/4 mile deep!

34. 28. How many Hershey’s Kisses make up 1 MOLE?
6.02 x 1023
Image Source: SStevens 2005

35. A mole of Caramels is _____ caramels.
6.02 x 1023
Image Source: SStevens 2005

36. A mole of Jolly Ranchers is ______ Jolly Ranchers
6.02 x 1023
Image Source: SStevens 2005

37. A mole of silver atoms is _______ atoms of silver.
6.02 x 1023 47 Ag
107.9
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38. 29. How many caramels make up 10 MOLES?
10 [6.02 x 1023]
60.2 x 1023
Which is
6.02 x 1024

39. 30. Find the number of Jolly Ranchers in 4 MOLES.
4 [6.02 x 1023] =
2.408 x 1024

40. 31. Find the number of atoms of sodium in 2 MOLES.
2[6.02 x 1023]=
1.20 x 1024
11 Na

41. 32. Find the number of molecules of water in 6 MOLES.
6[6.02 x 1023]=
3.61 x 1024

42. 33. Find the number of caramels in 0.5 MOLES.
.5[6.02 x 1023 ]=
3.011 x 1023
Image Source: SStevens

43. 34. How many moles of caramels is 6.02x1023 of caramels? ___
Image Source: SStevens 2005

44. 35. How many moles of Starbursts is 6.02x1023 of Starbursts? ___

45. 36. How many moles of Gobstoppers is 12.04x1023 of Gobstoppers? ___

46. 37. How many atoms of potassium make up one MOLE?
6.02 x 1023 19 K
39.10

47. 38. How many atoms of potassium make up 2 MOLES?
2[6.02 x 1023 ]
x 1023
1.20 x 1024 19 K
39.10

48. 39. How many molecules of water make up 1 MOLE?
6.02 x 1023
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49. 40. How many molecules of water make up 5 MOLES?
5[6.02 x 1023 ]=
3.01 x 1024

50. 41. How many moles are 6.022 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
Image source: SStevens 2002

51. 42. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 atoms of carbon? _____
Image source: SStevens 2002

52. 43. How many moles are 18.06 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
Image source: SStevens 2002

53. 44. How many moles are 60.22 x 1023 atoms of sodium? _____
Image source: SStevens 2002

54. 45. How many moles are 6.02 x 1023 molecules of water? _____
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55. 46. How many moles are 12.04 x 1023 molecules of water? _____
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56. 47. How many moles are 30.10 x 1023 molecules of water? _____5
30.10 x = 5
6.022 x 1023
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57. Part 2

58. Molar Mass
Scientists use the Periodic Table to determine the mass of a mole of atom of an element.
For example, a mole of carbon (C) atoms would have a mass of 12.01g.

59. Periodic Table
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60. 1 mole carbon atoms = __________ atoms = __________ g..
6.02 x 1023
12.01 6 C
12.01

61. 1 mole helium atoms = __________ atoms = _______ g..
6.02 x 1023
4.00 2 He
4.00

62. 1 mole iron atoms = __________ atoms = _______ g..
6.02 x 1023
55.85 26 Fe
55.85

63. 1 mole boron atoms = __________ atoms = _______ g..
6.02 x 1023
10.81 5 B
10.81

64. 1 mole He atoms is 4.00 g, so 2 mole He atoms = ______ g.
8.00 2 He
4.00

65. 1 mole Fe atoms is 55.85 g, so 0.5 mole Fe atoms = ______ g.
27.93 26 Fe
55.85

66. 1 mole C atoms is 12.01 g, so 12 mole C atoms = ______ g
144.12 6 C
12.01

67. 1 mole B atoms is 10.81 g, so 3 mole B atoms = ______ g
32.43 5 B
10.81

68. 120.1 g C atoms = ______ mol 10 6 C
12.01
120.1 ÷ = 10

69. 8.00 g He atoms = ______ mol 2 2 He
4.00
8.00 ÷ 4.00 = 2

70. g Fe atoms = ______ mol 3 26 Fe
55.85
÷ = 3

71. 5.405 g B atoms = ______ mol
0.5 5 B
10.81
5.405 ÷ = 0.5

73. 66. The mass of 1 mole of Nickel (Ni) is ____ g.
58.69 28 Ni
58.69

74. 67. The mass of 4 moles of Strontium (Sr) is _____g.
350.48 38 Sr
87.62

75. 68. The mass of 0.5 moles of Lead (Pb) is ____ g.
103.6 82 Pb
207.2

76. 69. The mass of 100 moles of (Ni) is _____ g. 28 Ni
58.69

77. Molar Mass
Scientists also use the Periodic Table to determine the molar mass (formula weight) of compounds.
The molar mass of the compound is the sum of the molar masses of the elements that make up the compound.

78. Potassium Chloride The molar mass of Potassium Chloride is:
Potassium (K) g/mole
Chloride (Cl) g/mole
73.55 g/mole

79. Potassium Permanganate
The molar mass of KMnO4 is the sum of all the molar masses times the number of atoms of each element for the molecule (subscript).

80. Potassium Permanganate KMnO4
Potassium (K) g/mole
Manganese (Mn) g/mole
Oxygen (O) 4[16.00 g/mole] g/mole.

81. 70. The molar mass of 1 mole of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is____ g.
58.44
Image source: SStevens 2002

82. 71. The molar mass of 1 mole of Lead Iodide (PbI2) is _____ g.
461.0

83. 72. The mass of 100 moles of Nickel Sulfide (NiS) is ________ g.

84. 73. The mass of 1 mole of is Glucose (C6H12O6) is ______ g.
Image source: SStevens 2002

85. 74. The mass of 1 mole of is Sucrose (C12H24O12 ) _______ g.
306.31
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86. 75. The mass of 4 moles of Glucose (C6H12 O6) is _________ g.
Image source: SStevens 2002

87. Mole Conversions
In chemistry, the mole is the standard measurement of amount.
However, balances DO NOT give readings in moles. Balances give readings in grams.
So the problem is that, while we compare amounts of one substance to another using moles, we must also use grams, since this is the information we get from balances.

88. There are three steps to converting grams of a substance to moles.
1. Determine how many grams are given in the problem.
2. Calculate the molar mass of the substance.
3. Divide step one by step two.

89. The three steps above can be expressed in the following proportion:
Grams Moles =
Molar Mass Mole

90. Example #1 - Convert 25.0 grams of KMnO4 to moles.
Step One: The problem will tell you how many grams are present. Look for the unit of grams. The problem gives us 25.0 grams.
Step Two: You need to know the molar mass of the substance. The molar mass of KMnO4 is grams/mole.
Potassium (K) = x 1 = g
Manganese (Mn) = x 1 = g
Oxygen (O) = x 4 = g g
Step Three: You divide the grams given by the substance's molar mass (25.0/158.04)
The answer of 0.16 mole has been rounded off.

91. Example #2 - Calculate how many moles are in 57.0 grams of Mg(NO3)2
Step One: 57.0 grams are given in the text of the problem.
Step Two: The molar mass is 148 grams/mole.
Mg (Magnesium) = 24 x 1 = 24 g
N (Nitrogen) = 14 x 2 = 28 g
O (Oxygen) = 16 x 6 = 96 g
Step Three: Again you divide the grams by the substances molar mass (57.0 g/148 g).
This answer has been rounded to 0.39 moles.

92. Practice Problems

93. 1. Calculate the moles present in: 2.00 grams of H2O
.11 moles water

94. 2. Calculate the moles present in: 75.57 grams of KBr
.635 moles KBr

95. 3. Calculate the moles present in: 100.0 grams of KClO4
.72 moles KClO4

96. 4. Calculate the moles present in: 225.5 grams of Sucrose (C12H24O12)
.63 moles Sucrose

97. 5. Calculate the moles present in: 350.0 grams of Glucose (C6H12O6)
1.943 moles Glucose

98. Homework

99. 1. Calculate the moles present in: 3.00 grams of NaCl

100. 2. Calculate the moles present in: 25.0 grams of NH3
1.47 moles NH3

101. 3. Calculate the moles present in: 16.0 grams of KCl
.21 moles KCl

102. 4. Calculate the moles present in: 30.25 grams of BeCl2
.38 moles KCl

103. 5. Calculate the moles present in: 175.25 grams of Li2S
3.81 moles Li2S

104. 6. Calculate the moles present in: 75.62 grams of CO2
1.72 moles CO2

105. 7. Calculate the moles present in: 56.5 grams of H2O
3.14 moles H2O

106. 8. Calculate the moles present in: 22.6 grams of CH3COOH
.38 moles CH3COOH

107. 9. Calculate the moles present in: 18.4 grams of AgCl
.13 moles AgCl

108. 10. Calculate the moles present in: 68.3 grams of HCN
2.53 moles HCN