1. Levels of Cellular Organization
6th Science
2011

2. Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Unicellular: One celled organism. They must perform all activities within one cell. NO TISSUES, ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!

3. Multi-cellular Organisms
Multi-cellular – Organisms made of more than one cell. The cells work together to make tissues, organs, and organ systems.

4. Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Similar
Carry on all 7 characteristics of life.
Have the same MAIN cell parts as multi-cellular organisms. Mitochondria, vacuole, ER, nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplast, golgi bodies, etc. Except nucleus in Arachebacteria and Eubacteria
Different
Cells in multi-cellular organisms have a specific job. Unicellular organism must carry on all 7 characteristics of life in one cell.
2. Multi-cellular organisms have tissues, organs, and organ systems. Unicellular organisms DO NOT.

6. Levels of Cellular Organization

7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Cells work together to form tissues
Cardiac cells
Muscle tissue
Cardiac organ
epithelial tissue
Bone cells
Bone

8. Levels of Organization
Tissue- group of similar cells working together

9. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Tissues work together to form organs

10. Levels of Organization
An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose
Skin- epithelial-connective-nerve

11. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Organs work together to form organ systems
Arteries & veins
Circulatory system
heart
Cartilage & tendons
Skeletal system
bones

12. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Organ systems work together to form
the whole organism
Skeletal system
Whole organism
Circulatory system
Muscular system

14. Levels of Organization
Cells that work together to do the same job form tissues
Tissues that work together to do the same job form organs
Organs that work together to do the same job form systems
Systems work together to form the whole multi-cellular organism

15. 4 Types of Tissues Epithelial – SKIN!!
Function – Covers the outside of the body and lines the inside of your body!!
Your skin is the largest organ in your body!

16. 4 Types of Tissues Connective – ligaments, cartilage, blood, and bone
Function – fills in space and connects other tissues together; support, protects, nourishs and insulates organs.
RBC
Bone
WBC

17. 4 Types of Tissues Muscular – Smooth and skeletal muscles
Function - contrasts and relaxes to allow movements; makes up some organs
Smooth
Skeletal

18. 4 Types of Tissue Nervous – nerves(makeup brain and spinal cord)
Function – transmits messages through the body

19. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to perform specific jobs
The shape of the cell is designed for its job
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Liver cells
Cardiac cells

20. As you know, all living things are made of cells
As you know, all living things are made of cells. We have looked at two types of cells:
Typical LEAF Plant Cells
NOT – root, stem or
flower!!!!
Typical SKIN Cells – not nervous, muscle, bone, etc
But not all plant cells are rectangular and not all animal cells are circular!!!!!!!!!

21. Form Fits Function Nerve Cells Onion skin cells
The shape of the cell is designed for its job
Nerve Cells
Onion skin cells

22. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cell – Smooth muscle Tissue – Smooth muscle
Function – Provide gas exchange between blood
and environment.
Cell – Smooth muscle
Tissue – Smooth muscle
Organ – Lungs & nose

23. Digestive System Function – Breakdown and absorb nutrients that are
necessary for cellular respiration.
Cell – smooth muscle cells
Tissue – smooth muscle tissue
Organs – stomach, liver, gall bladder, small
intestines, large intestines

24. Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS,
INTESTINES, ETC)
Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly?
These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

25. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are:
Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found:
Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs.
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

26. ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Function – carries messages back and forth between the spinal cord and the brain and every other part of the body.
ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord
TISSUE - NERVOUS
CELL: This is a nerve cell called a neuron. Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape. It is shaped like a wire to carry electrical messages to and from the brain.

27. Nervous Cells Nervous cells are shaped like wires to carry
electrical impulses.

28. NERVOUS TISSUE Organs where nervous tissue can be found are:
Spinal cord
Neurons
Nerves
Brain

29. Other organ systems directly dependent on Nervous Tissue:
Circulatory
System
Muscular
System

30. Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms need oxygen?

31. White Blood
Function: Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign objects in the blood.
Why do red and white blood cells look different??

32. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function – Circulates blood throughout your body which carries important nutrition and oxygen for your cells.
CELLS - These are red blood cells called erythrocytes. Draw one into your notes.
Notice the shape. It has a hole in the center because it doesn’t have any organelles so it can hold more oxygen. It is also very flexible. Why do you think that would be important?

33. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RBC WBC
This is a white blood cell called a leucocyte. Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape: White blood cells are shaped like blobs to gobble up bacteria like Pac-man.
Both these blood cells along with platelets make up BLOOD. Blood is a tissue.
Why?????
RBC
WBC

34. Circulatory System Cell & TISSUE: Cardiac Muscle, RBC & WBC
These are cardiac muscle cells in cardiac muscle tissue . Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape. Banded for strength and quickness so your heart can pump the blood through your body. Why do you think these cells need to be strong and able to contract quickly?

35. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE Organs where Cardiac tissue can be found are:
Organ Systems where Cardiac Tissue is found:
Heart
ONLY
Circulatory
System

36. Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood Tissue:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Organ Systems where BLOOD Tissue is found:
The Circulatory System is responsible for delivering oxygen and food to all the cells in the body.
Circulatory
System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood Tissue:
ALL OTHER SYSTEMS

37. Organs – heart and blood vessels.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TISSUE – Connective, nervous, and muscular.
Organs – heart and blood vessels.

38. Does blood support, protect or connect?
CIRCULATRY SYSTEM
Heart and blood vessels
Does blood support, protect or connect?

39. FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and protects organs
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and
protects organs
CELL -This is a bone cell. Draw it into your notes.
This big hole is where tiny nerves run through.
Does bone support, protect or connect?
Notice the shape. It has tiny holes called pores to make the bone lightweight but strong.

40. Bone Cells
Bone cells are circular and stack on each other to make the bone strong.

41. Muscle Cells
Muscle cells look like rubber bands that contract when they get the impulse from the nerve.

42. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Other organ systems directly dependent on Bone Tissue:
Organs: Bones
Tissue: Connetcive
Bones
Skeletal
System
Muscular
System

43. Cartilage and Fat are also Connective Tissues.
What do they do?
Fat
Cartilage
Protects
Protects

44. Tissue – Skeletal Muscle Organs – Muscles
MUSCLE SYSTEM
Function – moves and connect your bone
Cell – Skeletal Muscle
Tissue – Skeletal Muscle
Organs – Muscles

45. SKELETAL MUSCLE
Notice the Shape:Skeletal muscle cells are banded (striped) to contract quickly, tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MOVE YOUR BONES!!!!!!!!
Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract quickly and smoothly?
These are skeletal muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

46. SKELETAL MUSCLE Organs where skeletal muscle can be found are:
Organ Systems where Skeletal muscle is found:
Muscles
Muscular
System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Cardiac Muscle Tissue: SKELETAL SYSTEM

47. Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape: Smooth muscle cells are tube shaped to contract smoothly TO MAKE UP YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH, KIDNEYS,
INTESTINES, ETC)
Why do you think these cells need to be able to contract smoothly?
These are smooth muscle cells. Draw it into your notes.

48. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Smooth Muscle tissue can be found are:
Organ Systems where Smooth MuscleTissue is found:
Stomach, intestines, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, other organs.
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive

49. Skin
Function : Flat to stack on each other and protect the body.

50. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Function – forms a protective layer for outside of the body (skin) and lines hollow spaces (mouth, ear, nose, etc.) and organs.
This is a epithelial (skin) cell. Draw it into your notes.
Notice the shape. It is thin and flat to fit together like tiles on a floor to shield the cells underneath.

51. MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Organs where epithelial tissue can be found are:
Stomach lining
Mouth lining
Lining of the intestines and blood vessels
MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN.

52. Other organ systems directly dependent on Epithelial Tissue:
Organ Systems where Epithelial Tissue is found:
Other organ systems directly dependent on Epithelial Tissue:
Digestive
System
Circulatory
System

53. PLANT TISSUES
Plants are also made up of cells. These cells form tissues and organs just like animals.
There are three basic organs in any plant. These organs are the roots, the stem and the leaves. Each one is made up of tissues that perform different functions to keep the plant alive.

54. Leaf
Function : Hard brick to stack on each other and make the plant stand up. The vacuole pushes against the cell wall.

55. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems – support the above ground parts of the plant. Transports food and water between the leaves and the roots.
Stems help the other two types of plant organs by holding the leaves up so they can receive maximum sunlight. Stems also transport water from the roots to the leaves and transport food from the leaves to the roots.

56. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem
These are xylem cells. Draw them into your notes.
Notice their shape. Xylem cells are shaped like tubes to carry water and minerals in an upward direction from the roots to the leaves.
FUNCTION: Carry water and
Minerals to rest of plant.

57. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem
These are phloem cells. Draw them into your notes.
Notice their shape. Cells are shaped like straws to carry food made in the leaves all over the plant.
FUNCTION: Carries food to rest of plant from the leaves.

58. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
ROOTS
FUNCTION– absorb water and minerals from the soil, anchor the plant and store food made in the leaves.
Roots provide stems and leaves with water and minerals. Roots absorb the water and minerals from the soil

59. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Roots are also made up of two (2) types of tissue: xylem and phloem
This is a root in cross section. Draw it into your notes.
Xylem are the cells in the middle.
Phloem are the cells around the outside. Xylem and Phloem have the same function in the root.
Root in Cross Section

60. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGAN
LEAVES
FUNCTION: Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis.
This is a leaf cell. Draw them into your notes.
Notice the Shape: Leaf cells are rectangular for strength. They are also thin and flat to expose the chloroplasts to sunlight.

61. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Leaves trap light and make food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis.
Mesophyll – the middle layer where photosynthesis takes place.
Cuticle – waxy layer, prevents water loss.
This is a leaf in cross section.

62. Skeletal System
Function: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells.
Organ: Bone
Tissue: Connective
Cell: Bone Cell

63. Function: Contracts and allows the body to move
Muscular System
Function: Contracts and allows the body to move
Organ: Muscle
Tissue: Muscle
Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

64. Circulatory System
Function: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out.
Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries
Tissue: muscle and nerve
Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

65. Function: Breaks down food for our body to use for energy
Digestive System
Function: Breaks down food for our body to use for energy
Organs; Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, gall bladder,
pancreas
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle cell

66. Skeletal System
Function: Provides shape and support, protects organs, and produces red blood cells.
Organ: Bone
Tissue: Connective
Cell: Bone Cell

67. Function: Contracts and allows the body to move
Muscular System
Function: Contracts and allows the body to move
Organ: Muscle
Tissue: Muscle
Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

68. Circulatory System
Function: Delivers food and oxygen to the body cell and carries carbon dioxide out.
Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries
Tissue: muscle and nerve
Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell

69. Function: Protects the body and your organs
Skin
Function: Protects the body and your organs
Organ: Skin
Tissue: Epitheleal
Cell: Skin

70. Function: Regulates varies body functions(hormones)
Endocrine System
Function: Regulates varies body functions(hormones)
Organs: hypothalmous
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle

71. Functions: Removes liquid and solid wastes from the body
Excretory System
Functions: Removes liquid and solid wastes from the body
Organs: kidney, colon, spleen
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle

72. Function: Produces male and females sex cells
Reproductive System
Function: Produces male and females sex cells
Organs: testes and ovaries
Tissues: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle cells