1. Gender

2. Gender and sex Sex Biological differences Chromosomal Genetic Gonadal
Gametic
Endocrine
Phenotypic

3. Gender Psychosocial condition May not correspond sex
Masculine or feminine
Behavior
Traits
Interests
May not correspond sex

4. Gender stereotypes
Set of belief about what it means to be a man and woman
Expected behavior
Vary among different society
Change constantly
Some beliefs are constant regardless of the society
Cause of gender bias
Different treatment of individual of one sex

5. Societal view of each sex
Interpretation of world
Expected behaviors
Social shorthand sketch
Gender polarization
Ambiguity
Androgyny
Both masculine and feminine characteristics

6. Gender identity Personal view of masculinity and femininity
Based on one’s sex
May not be consistent with one’s sex
Transsexuals/transgendered
Difficult conforming to polarized gender code
Could trigger gender identity disorder
High level of distress (“woman trapped in a man’s body”)

7. Differences between genders
May not be as clear
Large overlap between men and women
Display of emotions in men
Competitiveness in women
Paradox
Societal view
Individual view

8. Origin of gender Nature Nurture Biological makeup Physical environment
Society
Gender-specific behavior patterns

9. Role of hormones Development of sexually dimorphic behavior
Exposure of animals during critical stage of development
Neonatal
Late fetal
Predominant behavior
Not exclusive

12. Structural arrangement within the brain
Hypothalamus
May not be as reliable predictor of specific behaviors
Effects of steroid hormones
Stage-specific
Critical period

13. Differences in humans Brains Hypothalamus Cortical region
Cognitive differences
Gender identity
Not large enough to be conclusive
Stage of development
Cause of differences

14. Greater flexibility and overlapped behavior in humans
Effects of hormones
Tomboyism in adrenogenital syndrome girls
Does not persist
Behave as normal adult females
Greater flexibility and overlapped behavior in humans

15. Effects of social learning
Assignment of baby
View of individual
View of society
Behavior of adult
Based on perceived sex of baby
Expectation of certain behviors
Interpretation of baby’s behavior based on its perceived sex

16. Gender constancy Effects of society
Fixed gender that cannot be changed
Effects of society
Mass media
Peers
Household

17. Social learning theory
Learning gender role
Shaped by events in the surrounding environment
Response of others
Reinforcement
Punishment
Role modeling