1. Fundamentals of Genetics
Must create an action button for every quiz question to go to a different slide.
This is a Ms. Brown educational production

2. Introduction The Audience: The Objective:
This project is intended for the 9th and/or 10th grade high school biology student.
The Objective:
By the end of this tutorial you will be able to:
Determine the genotype and phenotype of monohybrid crosses using a punnett square
Explain how offspring inherit traits from their parents

3. New Vocabulary Genetics Heredity Trait Gene Allele Dominant Recessive
Genotype
Phenotype
Probability
Gametes
Parental (P) Generation
1st Filial (F1) Generations
2nd Filial (F2) Generations
Cross Pollinate
Self Fertilization
Monohybrid
Dihybrid
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Genetics, heredity, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, probability, filial generations, cross pollinate, self-fertilization, etc.

4. Genetic Terminology Genetics-The scientific study of heredity
Heredity- Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Trait- any characteristic that can be passed on from parent to offspring (ex. Pea plant color, shape, length, etc.)

5. Genetic Terminology Gene- Segment of DNA for trait expression
Allele- Each of the alternative forms of a gene (ex. dominant or recessive)

6. Genetic Terminology
Dominant- Masks the other allele, represented by Capital Letter (ex. Y)
Recessive- The masked allele, represented by lowercase letter (ex. y)
Genotype- Genetic make up of the organism (ex. YY, Yy, or yy)
Phenotype- Appearance of an organism due to genotype (ex. Yellow or green seed color)

7. Genetic Terminology
Monohybrid Cross- The crossing of one characteristic (ex. YY x yy)
Dihybrid Cross- The crossing of two characteristics (ex. YYRR x yyrr)
Heterozygous genotype- Two different alleles (ex. Yy)
Homozygous genotype- Two alleles that are the same (ex. YY or yy)
Probability-The likelihood of an event to occur

8. Genetic Terminology P Generation- The original parental cross
1st Filial Generation- The offspring of the parent generation
2nd Filial Generation- The offspring of the F1 generation
Cross Pollination- reproduction occurs between two flowers (sexual)
Self-Fertilization- reproduction occurs in the same flower (asexual)

9. Genetics & Probability

10. Genetics & Probability
The likelihood that a particular event will occur is called Probability.
The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

11. Genetics & Probability
Probabilities predict the average outcome of a large number of events.
Probability cannot predict the precise outcome of an individual event.
In genetics, the larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values.

12. POP Quiz! 1. Probability can be used to predict
average outcome of many events.
precise outcome of any event.
how many offspring a cross will produce.
which organisms will mate with each other.

13. That is Incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Think About This: If I say it will “probably” rain, does that guarantee rain? Probability cannot predict the precise outcome of an individual event.

14. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!
That’s right, probability can only give you an estimated answer.

15. Pop Quiz 2. Compared to 4 flips of a coin, 400 flips of the coin is
more likely to produce about 50% heads and 50% tails.
less likely to produce about 50% heads and 50% tails.
guaranteed to produce exactly 50% heads and 50% tails.
equally likely to produce about 50% heads and 50% tails.

16. That is Incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
In genetics, the larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values.

17. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!
Predictions based on probability are accurate only if a large number of events are involved.

18. Punnett Squares

19. Punnett Squares
The gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross can be determined by drawing a diagram known as a Punnett Square.
Punnett Squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross

20. Punnett Squares Named for Reginald Punnett (British geneticist)
Used to help solve genetics problems
Visual representation of all probable results of a genetic cross

21. POP Quiz! 3. The Punnett Square allows you to predict
only the phenotypes of the offspring from a cross.
only the genotypes of the offspring from a cross.
both the genotypes and the phenotypes from a cross.
neither the genotypes nor the phenotypes from a cross.

22. That is incorrect!
Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: A Punnett Square is a visual representation of all probable results of a genetic cross.

23. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!
Geneticists use probability to predict the phenotypes and genotypes that MAY result from a genetic cross

24. Dominant & Recessive
A capital letter represents the Dominant allele for tall.
A lowercase letter represents the recessive allele for short.
In this example,
T = tall
t = short

25. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be homozygous.
Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are heterozygous.
Homozygous organisms are true-breeding or purebred for a particular trait.
Heterozygous organisms are hybrid for a particular trait.

26. Genotypes & Phenotypes
All of the tall plants have the same phenotype, or physical characteristics.
The tall plants do not have the same genotype, or genetic makeup.
One third of the tall plants are TT, while
two thirds of the tall plants are Tt

27. Genotypes & Phenotypes
The plants have different genotypes (TT and Tt), but they have the same phenotype (tall).

28. Genotypic & Phenotypic Ratios
One fourth (1/4) of the F2 plants have two alleles for tallness (TT).
2/4 or 1/2 have one allele for tall (T), and one for short (t).
One fourth (1/4) of the F2 have two alleles for short (tt).
Genotypic Ratio is 1:2:1
Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1

29. Genotypes & Phenotypes in Flowers
Genotype of alleles: Y = yellow seed y = green seed
All genes occur in pairs, so 2 alleles affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes YY Yy yy
Phenotypes YELLOW YELLOW GREEN

30. Possible Combinations

31. Genotype vs. Phenotype? Genotype Phenotype
4. The physical appearance of the organism is considered the…?
Genotype
Phenotype

32. That is incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: PHysical appearance not GENetic make-up.

33. That’s Correct!
The PHysical appearance is the PHenotype!
GOOD JOB!!

34. Punnett Square Procedure
Determine the genotypes of the parents
Write down the cross (mating)
Draw the Punnett Square
Split the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them outside the square (gametes)
Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the Punnett Square
Summarize results (genotypes, phenotypes & ratios)
List and describe steps
Identify the Parents
Write the test cross
Draw Punnett Square
Place Gametes on punnett square
Fill in Punnett Square
Give results

35. Let’s Try One!!
Tall stem length is dominant in garden pea plants. A heterozygous tall stem length garden pea plant’s eggs are pollinated by a heterozygous tall stem length pea plant.
You must go through all the steps in the correct order…

36. Step 1: Determine Genotype
Designate letters which will represent the genes/traits. Capital letters represent dominant traits, and lowercase letters represent recessive traits.
T = tall
t = short

37. Step 2: Write Down the Cross
Write down the genotypes (genes) of each parent.
These are often given to you or are possible to determine.
Tt x Tt

38. Step 3: Draw Punnett Square
Draw a Punnett square - 4 small squares in the shape of a window.
Tt x Tt

39. Step 4: Determine Gametes
Gametes produced by each parent are shown along the top and left side of the grid/chart.
List the genes that each parent can contribute.
Females eggs across the top
Males sperm along the left side
Tt = T or t

40. Step 5: Fill in Punnett Square
Fill in each box of the Punnett Square by transferring the letter above and in front of each box into each appropriate box.
Offspring possibilities abound within the grid/chart
As a general rule, the capital letter goes first and a lowercase letter follows.

41. Steps 4 & 5

42. Step 6: Give Results
List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring for this cross.
The letters inside the boxes indicate probable genotypes (genetic makeup) of offspring resulting from the cross of these particular parents.
There are 4 boxes, and the genotypic & phenotypic results can be written either as fractions or percents.

43. Step 6: Give Results Genotypes- TT, Tt, or tt
Phenotypes- Tall or short
Genotypic Ratio- 1:2:1
Phenotypic Ratio- 3:1

44. Quick Review

45. POP Quiz! 5. Gametes are also known as A. Genes. B. Sex Cells.
C. Alleles.
D. Hybrids.
QUIZ on the proper order of the punnett square

46. That is Incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: The process of meiosis produces these.

47. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!!
The scientific term for sex cells is Gametes.

48. POP Quiz!
6. Two F1 plants that are homozygous for shortness are crossed. What percentage of the offspring will be tall?
100%
50% 0%
25%

49. That is incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be homozygous.

50. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!
When you cross two recessive parents the only possible outcome you can have is that recessive trait.

51. POP Quiz! 7. What is the genotype of the female plant?
Tall stem length is dominant in garden pea plants. A homozygous tall stem length garden pea plant’s eggs are pollinated by a homozygous short stem length pea plant.
7. What is the genotype of the female plant?
A. TT
B. Tt
C. tt
D. tT

52. That is Incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: A females eggs get pollinated by a male.

53. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!!
Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism which is represented by letters.

54. POP Quiz! 8. What step comes after determining gametes?
Write down the cross
Draw the Punnett Square
Give the results
Fill in the Punnett Square

55. That is Incorrect! Please go back and choose the correct answer.
Hint: As a general rule, the capital letter goes first and a lowercase letter follows.

56. That’s Correct! GOOD JOB!
After you line the gametes outside of the Punnett Square you must fill in the possible offspring.

57. Congratulations!!
You have just completed the Fundamentals of Genetics Tutorial successfully!
By now you should know what probability is, how it relates to genetics, and how to use a Punnett Square to predict possible offspring variations.
If you think this was fun just wait until we are looking at more than one trait at a time! Dihybrids, Trihybrids, Multiple Alleles, Oh My!!