3. Plate Tectonics and Mineralization
Structural features of the Earth
Major plates & Plate boundaries
Plate tectonic cycle
Mineralization

5. Lithosphere vs
Asthenosphere

10. Conservative
(Transform)
Divergent
Convergent
3 Types of Plate Boundaries

11. Divergent Boundaries
Conservative

12. Convergent Boundaries

13. Transform Boundaries

14. Plate Motion

15. Hot spot and origin of island chains

16. Intra-plate Volcanism
(Hot Spots)

17. Continental Drift & Sea-floor Spreading

18. Plate Tectonics’ Cycle

19. Plate Tectonics and Rock Cycle

20. Mineralization and Divergent Boundary
(Mid-oceanic ridge)

21. Submarine hydrothermal vent or “Black Smoker”

23. Cyprus type: associated with tholeiitic basalts in ophiolite sequences copper rich withgold. e.g. Troodos Massif (Cyprus). Besshi-type: associated with volcanics and continental turbidites, copper/zinc with gold and silver.e.g. Sanbagwa (Japan). Kuroko-type: associated with felsic volcanics particularly rhyolite domes copper/zinc/lead with gold and silver, e.g. Kuroko deposits (Japan).

24. Ophiolites are pieces of oceanic plate that have been thrusted (obducted) onto the edge of continental plates. They provide models for processes at mid-ocean ridges.

25. Ophiolites are thought to represent slices of oceanic crust that have been thrust or obducted onto a continental margin during collision. They are characterised by a sequence of rock types, consisting of deep sea sediments overlying basaltic pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbros and peridotites.

27. Ophiolite Complex Pillow Basalts Sheeted dikes (Diabase) Gabbros
Peridotites

28. Podiform chromite deposits are irregular but fundamentally lenticular chromite-rich bodies that occur within Alpine peridotite or ophiolite complexes. Thus, they generally occur in orogenic settings.

29. Chromite: FeCr2O4
Podiform chromite deposit, Cyprus

30. Mineralization at Convergent Boundaries
Geological Processes
Calcalkaline Magma Series
Volcano-plutonic complexes
Subaerial / Submarine volcanism
Porhyry / Massive sulphide deposits
Plutonism: Granitic batholiths / Stocks
Pegmatitic/ Hydrothermal / Skarn / Greisen/ deposits
Regional Metamorphism (High P/ Low T and Low P/High T )
Some gemstone deposits e.g. jade and corundum

35. The ASARCO Mission Mine near Tucson, Arizona

36. Detailed Cross - Section of a Porphyry Copper Deposit

37. Intraplate Mineralization

38. Lopolith
Sill
Bushveld stratiform chromite deposit

39. Schematic model of a fully grown kimberlite pipe

41. MASTER LIST OF ALL DEPOSIT GROUPS
A - Organic
B - Residual/Surficial
C - Placer
D - Continental Sediments and Vocanics
E - Sediment-Hosted
F - Chemical Sediment
G - Marine Volcanic Association
H - Epithermal
I - Vein, Breccia and Stockwork
J - Manto
K - Skarn
L - Porphyry
M - Ultramafic / Mafic
N - Carbonatites
O - Pegmatite
P - Metamorphic-hosted
Q - Gems and Semi-precious Stones
R - Industrial Rocks
S - Other

42. Genetic Classifications of Mineral Deposits
Syngenetic deposits
layered mafic intrusion type deposits
volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits
sedimentary massive sulphide deposits
placer deposits
Epigenetic
porphyry deposits
skarn deposits
pegmatitic deposits
hydrothermal deposits

43. Classifications Based on Geological Processes
Hydrothermal/Pegmatitic mineral deposits form in association with hot water- or gas-rich fluids
Magmatic mineral deposits concentrated in igneous rocks;
Metamoprhogenic mineral deposits concentrated by metamorhism / metasomatism
Sedimentary mineral deposits are precipitated from a solution, typically sea water;
Placer minerals are sorted and distributed by flow of water (or ice);
Residual mineral deposits formed by weathering reactions at the earth's

44. Classifications Based on Host Lithology
Unconsolidated Deposits
Sedimentary Rocks
Volcanic Rocks
Intrusive Rocks
Regionally Metamorphosed Rocks