2. U.S. California Indigenous Nations Spain Mexico United States

3. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Creating the Border Article V (The Border) The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or Opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico; thence, westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination; thence, northward, along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila; (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point on the said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same); thence down the middle of the said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean.

4. “The Border” 1,954 miles

5. Border in New Mexico

6. San Diego Tijuana

7. Tijuana San Diego

8. Nogales, Arizona Nogales, Sonora

9. “The Fence” About 650 miles of fence

10. Background Birth of the State of California

11. Only the Mission Zone had been heavily impacted prior to the US takeover Mission Zone

12. Early California

18. Monterey, 1850

19. California Constitutional Convention Colton Hall

20. California Constitutional Convention Colton Hall 2 nd Floor

21. More than 350 Pages More than 500 Amendments in 130 Years California Constitution 1849 CA Constitution1879 CA Constitution

22. Who Wrote the California Constitution? Roster of Delegates to the California Constitutional Convention in 1849

24. Debates at the California Constitutional Convention In the File Cabinet on our course web site, there is a link to this report.

25. Which Civil Rights Shall People Have in California? Read the debate on Rights at the California Constitutional Convention

26. Civil Rights California ConstitutionCalifornia Constitution 1849

27. Who will be allowed to Vote in California? Read the debate on Voting Rights at the California Constitutional Convention

28. Voting Rights California ConstitutionCalifornia Constitution 1849

29. US Takes Control Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February 2, 1848 Gold Discovered in California January 24, 1848

30. California Gold Rush 1848-1855 (January 24, 1848)

31. Estimated Population of California MexicansIndiansWhitesBlacksAsiansTotal 1840s 10,000150,0002,000NA0160,000 1850sNA40,00090,0001,000NA130,000 1860sNA18,000325,0004,10035,000380,000

32. 1,872 People 4,739 People

33. Estimated % Hispanics in Monterey County