1. Unit 4
Role of the People

2. Chapter 10
Civil Rights
The government of the United States protects the freedoms of its people and provides opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process.

3. Content Statement
Historically, the United States has struggled with majority rule and the extension of minority rights. As a result of this struggle, the government has increasingly extended civil rights to marginalized groups and broadened opportunities for participation.

4. Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
***Citizens only can vote, hold elected office, and serve on juries. The Constitution and Congress have established the ways people may become U.S. citizens and the ways their citizenship may be lost.

5. Becoming a United States Citizen
Being born to US citizens
Being born in the US or in a US territory
Jus sanguinis—if 1 parent is a US citizen and you are born in a foreign country
A. By Birth

6. Becoming a United States Citizen
Be a lawful resident of the US for 5 continuous years
18 years old
Completes a citizenship application
Is able to speak, read, and write English
Demonstrates good moral character, belief in the principles of the Constitution, and knowledge of US history and government
Supports the order and happiness of the United States
Takes an oath of allegiance to the United States at a swearing-in ceremony
B. Through naturalization—legal way immigrants become US citizens

7. Video of naturalization in New York City

8. Denaturalization—Losing Citizenship
Is this possible?
If so, what would a person have to do to be denaturalized?

9. Denaturalization Person became a US citizen by fraud
Expatriation—when a person voluntarily gives up their citizenship
Lied about background or provides other false info during the naturalization process
A person is naturalized as a citizen or pledging allegiance to another country

10. Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Concern over the number of newcomers coming into the US has led to efforts to restrict immigration. The US has both benefited and suffered from immigration over the years.

11. Immigration Policies—they have changed over the years
A. Unrestricted immigration
Before late 1800’s—anybody could come to the US
Land
Jobs
Freedom
Competition for land and jobs led to tension around 1900.

12. B. Immigration Restrictions
Hostility toward immigrants led Congress over time to restrict immigration
1882—Congress passed a tax on those who entered the country
1882—Congress passed law that denied entry for convicted criminals
1882—Congress passed law that banned all Chinese (California—Chinese immigrants took less money to do jobs—this took jobs away from the natives)
1900—restricted Japanese immigration
1921 and 1924—set limits for immigrants on each country
Amounts favored western European countries

13. C. Immigration Policy Today
1950’s—100 per Asian country allowed
1965: Immigration and Nationality Act
290,000/year
120,000/Western Europe
170,000/other countries
1990: Immigration Act—675,000
Today: many more from Asian and Latin American countries allowed in
Current Immigration Policy in the United States

14. Pro/Con of Illegal Immigration
D. Illegal immigration
Millions of illegals in US today
Illegal aliens—do not have immigration papers
Deported if caught
Amnesty—general pardon that gov gives to people who have broken a law
Gov has allowed illegal immigrants amnesty—if they can prove they have been here for a certain length, they can be given citizenship
1996: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996—increased border patrol and provided for stronger penalties for creating and using false ID papers
Pro/Con of Illegal Immigration

15. A Nation of Diversity Benefits Mix of people, culture, and traditions
Foods, music, literature, and celebrations
Creativity
Chinatown, Polish Village, Little Italy
Challenges
Prejudice in hiring, firing, promotions
Discrimination

16. Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights
***Civil rights: powers or privileges that governments grant to individuals to guarantee their equal treatment under the law

17. Equal Protection of the Law
state gov may not “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”
THIS IS THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE!!!!!!!
A. 14th Amendment
at times, gov. can distinct between people
Ex: charge people to come into a park. Non-park users do not pay
B. Reasonable distinction

18. When is discrimination considered reasonable? 2 guidelines
A. Rational basis test
If gov has a rational reason Ex: drinking age
B. Strict Scrutiny Test
Involve cases where gov makes distinctions between people based on race or national origin
This usually does not happen
Example: Korematsu vs. the Unted States

19. Links Strict Scrutiny Korematsu vs. the United States
Korematsu vs. United States video

20. Civil Rights and Equal Protection
Civil rights movement—the struggle by minorities and women to gain in practice the rights guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution

21. 2 types of segregation A. De Jure Segregation B. De Facto Segregation
Segregation by law
Ex: Jim Crow Laws
A. De Jure Segregation
segregation in fact. No law—but it’s still there
Ex: Integrated public school in the 1970s
B. De Facto Segregation

22. Court cases B. Brown vs. Board of Education A. Plessy vs. Ferguson
1896
Rail cars
Separate but equal was found to be OK by the Supreme Court
B. Brown vs. Board of Education
1954
Schools
Separate but equal was found to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

23. Court case links
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Brown vs. Board of Education

24. Why did the Court reverse its decision?

25. It was a different time period and people’s attitudes on race changed
There were 9 new justices on the Supreme Court
This case proves that the Constitution is a living document—it changes and grows with the times!!!!!

26. Section 4: Civil Rights Laws
***Civil rights movement did not end with victories in court. Marches, speeches, protests and close work with lawmakers have helped keep civil rights movement going

27. Civil Rights Laws sought to give all races the right to vote
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866
sought to give all races the right to vote
Civil Rights Act of 1875
outlawed racial discrimination in public places
These laws were not enforced, especially in the South.

28. Nonviolent Protests 1955 Rosa Parks Montgomery, Alabama bus boycotts
1960 sit-ins
Greensboro, NC Woolworth store
They refused to serve African-Americans at the store
Lasted for months
Congress of Racial Equality, 1961
Freedom Rides
Bus trips from the North to the South to protest segregation
Sometimes, they were attacked by mobs
March on Washington
August, 1963
Martin Luther King “I have a dream” speech

29. Changes Take Hold 1964 Civil Rights Act Voting Rights Act of 1965
Forbade segregation in public places
Schools started to integrate
Called for an end to discrimination in the work place
Hiring, firing, promotions
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Helped African-Americans equal opportunity of voting
No more literacy tests or poll taxes
Civil Rights Acts of 1968 and 1991
Prohibited discrimination based on race, national origin, and religion in advertising, financing, sale, and rental of housing
Strengthened protections against discrimination in the workplace

30. Extending Civil Rights
Hispanic-Americans
Equal rights for this group
Also, more are represented in elected office
American Indians
Asian Americans
People with Disabilities
Women
Equal Pay Act