1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 12 The Family Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective Section 2: The American Family

2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 2 Objectives:  Describe the norms that influence the ways in which marriage patterns are organized around the world.  Identify the basic societal needs that the institution of the family satisfies. Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective

3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 3 Norms and Marriage Patterns Around the World  Number of marriage partners – in industrialized nations marriages are usually monogamous whereas in pre-industrial societies the normal pattern is polygyny  Residential Patterns – once individuals are married they must decide where to live Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective

4. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 4 Norms and Marriage Patterns Around the World  Descent Patterns – in some societies people trace kinship through the father’s side of the family, in others descent is traced through the mother’s side of the family or through both parents  Authority Patterns – the three basic types are patriarchy, matriarchy and egalitarian (continued) Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective

5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 5 Basic Needs Provided by the Family  Regulation of sexual activity – enforce incest taboo which is a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives  Reproduction – societies establish norms governing childbearing and child rearing Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective

6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 6 Basic Needs Provided by the Family  Socialization – children must be taught the ways of the society into which they were born  Economic and Emotional Security – family acts as the basic economic unit in society and in most cases labor is divided on the basis of gender (continued) Section 1: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective

7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 7 Objectives:  Explain how American families begin and describe some of the disruptions they might face.  Analyze some of the trends in American family life currently being examined by sociologists. Section 2: The American Family

8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 8 Beginnings of the American Family and Disruptions  Marriage begins with courtship and marriage between either homogamous or heterogamous couples  Disruptions include family violence, divorce, empty nest, return of adult children and death of a spouse Section 2: The American Family

9. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 9 Sociologists Examine Trends in American Family Life  Delayed Marriages – current trend is to marry later in life and being single has become an acceptable alternative to being married  Delayed Childbearing – women are delaying childbirth to complete their education and establish a career  Childlessness – couples are making the conscious choice to remain voluntarily childless Section 2: The American Family

10. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY 10 Sociologists Examine Trends in American Family Life  Dual-Earner Marriages – increase in the number of dual-earner marriages due to the increased number of women entering the workforce  One-Parent Families – come about in various ways such as divorce, death of a spouse, births to unwed mothers or adoption by unmarried individuals  Remarriage – the majority of people who get divorced  about 75 percent  get remarried (continued) Section 2: The American Family