1. The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy Madrid – 26 February 2009 Hisashi Yoshikawa Deputy Director Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry OECD Danny Scorpecci Principal Economist, Structural Policy Division Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry OECD The views expressed are those of the author in his private capacity and do not necessarily represent those of the OECD or its Member governments.

2. Impact of innovation processes on growth and social welfare Innovation is an important goal for policymakers Innovation important as: a long run objective to stimulate growth one of the responses in this time of economic crisis The OECD Project

3. Innovation processes are complex and there is a need for trends, evidence, analyses and guidelines. OECD Innovation strategy formulates some innovation enhancing recipes. Intellectual property -- foundation and fuel for innovation in the time of knowledge economy Importance of studies on IP infringements; scale, effects, mechanisms

4. The OECD Project Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy Phase 1: Counterfeit and pirated products Tangible products that infringe trademarks, copyrights, patents or design rights, report published in May 2008 Phase 2: Digital piracy With Governments for final approval. We hope it will be released shortly. Some preliminary points will be touched on in this presentation. Phase 3: Other IPR infringements To be scoped and funded.

5. Tangible products that infringe trademarks, copyrights, patents or design rights. Magnitude of the problem Effects of counterfeiting and piracy Market analysis Government and industry initiatives Sectoral case studies Phase I The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy

6. phase I counterfeit and pirated products Sectors studied in depth automotive products food/drink products pharmaceuticals tobacco products music recordings motion pictures and other video content electrical components (including batteries) Other sectors considered luxury goods, perfumes and fashion clothes chemicals and pesticides sportswear and other branded clothing personal care, toiletry and household products books industrial and consumer motor lubricants aircraft components toys computer software Sectoral case studies

7. Magnitude of the problem Measurement needs rigorous methodology, but data is hard to find activities are illicit and clandestine enforcement and customs data are sparse, incomplete and inconsistent enterprises may be reluctant to divulge data Analysis showed that international trade in counterfeit or pirated products could have been up to US$ 200 billion in 2005 The figure does not include –domestically produced and consumed products –non-tangible pirated digital products If added, the figure could be several hundred billion dollars higher Earlier figure of 5-7% of world trade was ill-defined, lacked rigorous foundation and could not be confirmed or disproved phase I counterfeit and pirated products

8. Extent of the problem Virtually everything can (and probably has) been counterfeited, and is taking place in virtually every economy Analysis confirms counterfeiting of increasingly complex products sophisticated packaging security items (i.e. holograms) Growing trend towards everyday products intended to deceive consumers, many of which may affect public health and safety, eg car parts Pharmaceuticals food/drink Evidence of growing infiltration of legitimate supply chains – an area of interest to organised crime phase I counterfeit and pirated products

9. Seizures of imported counterfeit and pirated products from the top 20 source economies Customs seizures phase I counterfeit and pirated products

10. What drives the demand/supply of C&P,? phase I counterfeit and pirated products

11. Main Effects Counterfeiting and piracy… phase I counterfeit and pirated products can impact negatively on innovation and growth may reduce employment where originals are produced can reduce foreign direct investment (FDI) where C&P takes place damages sales volume, profits, brand value and capitalisation of rights’ owners, and can lead to unwarranted potential legal liability can negatively affect consumer confidence can seriously affect health and safety of users evidence that legitimate supply lines are being infiltrated reduces tax revenues to governments induces high costs on governments and industry to combat C&P encourages participation by organised crime and corruption

12. Outcomes: Distribution channels Most counterfeited goods are transported through commercial transport services -often with appropriate documentation (such as Bills of Lading) Growing use of transit points; -especially Free Trade Zones The internet has emerged as a new and powerful means to sell via auction sites, stand alone e-commerce and e-mail solicitation phase I counterfeit and pirated products

13. Free Trade Zones (or Economic Processing Zones – EPZs) FTZs have grown in importance in the context of counterfeiting and piracy A definition of FTZs given in an OECD report* shows why: -“a territorial or economic enclave in which goods may be imported, stored, repacked, manufactured and reshipped with a reduction in duties and/or minimal intervention by customs officials” * Export Processing Zones: Past and Future Role in Trade and Development, OECD 2007 phase I counterfeit and pirated products

14. Counterfeiters use FTZs Growing use of free trade zones - these are used as gateways and way-points where goods can be broken down into smaller consignments Documents sanitised to disguise point of manufacture elaborated and repackaged (often goods only become counterfeits at this point) transhipped to disguise actual origin The lower intensity of customs surveillance in free trade zones can be to counterfeiters’ advantage phase I counterfeit and pirated products

15. Frequently used transit points for automotive parts phase I counterfeit and pirated products

16. Laws & regulations often ineffective phase I counterfeit and pirated products Not properly enforced Insufficient public enforcement resources Low priority in courts Protection of locals Courts often lenient because counterfeiting and piracy are not always considered to be serious crimes Penalties don’t always deter

17. Why is organised crime interested in C&P? Profitability is high Market is large Demand is heavy Risk of detection and prosecution is relatively low Even if successfully prosecuted penalties low Bribery, corruption and coercion can facilitate business and reduce risks phase I counterfeit and pirated products

18. Attributes of organised crime suitable for C&P Resources to invest in production facilities Can obtain templates, plans and originals for copying Can create and maintain complex supply chains Experience in smuggling Can establish effective distribution/sales networks Can infiltrate legitimate supply chains Can protect operatives at all levels Can use bribery/corruption/coercion phase I counterfeit and pirated products

19. Phase II covers digital piracy of all copyrighted materials. Pirate transactions that do not involve the use of physical media e.g. via Internet, LAN networks etc. Numerous industries affected by digital piracy: music, movie, radio, television (including sports broadcasting), software (business and entertainment) Many technical ways of market formation; most of them rely on solutions developed for legal purposes: Peer-to-peer networks (P2P), One-click hosting services, “Warez” sites, streaming services, leech sites, etc. phase II digital piracy

20. Why have different Phases to the study? This reflects very different markets for products covered Phase I: addressed physical/tangible goods, hence: –fabrication facilities (hence investment), physical transportation/distribution, targeted markets, products attacked often mature Phase II: addresses digital content, hence: –Virtually zero marginal cost of reproduction, no physical goods, digital delivery; broad markets, products attacked at point of greatest intrinsic value

21. phase II digital piracy Special economic properties: Some pirated digital content appears to be offered to customers at almost zero price perhaps driven by non-monetary supply drivers Some customers appear to pay for (pirated or legal) digital content even though they could acquire pirated alternatives for free (demand) Important role of “transaction costs“ for customers decisions Markets for pirated digital products

22. phase II digital piracy Possible market drivers Supply drivers Attitude towards piracy Reciprocity mechanism Ease of distribution Profitability Legal and regulatory framework Demand drivers Attitude towards piracy Availability Technical quality Low security awareness Ineffective enforcement

23. Market characteristics of live sports broadcasts Internet streaming technology enables pirates to attack the live broadcast; when product has greatest value, Potentially legitimate markets may not be covered by broadcasts and these may turn to illegitimate sources, Distribution can be located off-shore to minimise detection – which delays/hinders redress, Unlike physical fabrication facilities distribution facilities easy to re-establish even if closed down. phase II - digital piracy Case Study – Sports Rights Owners Sector

24. Importance vs. Priority phase I counterfeit and pirated products Most governments have labelled counterfeiting and piracy as important problems. However, not always matched by priority. Other illicit activities given first call on resources (drugs, people smuggling, gun running) Governments may better respond to these problems if they appreciate the corrosive effects of C&P. – especially if full account taken of role of organised crime, the effects on health and safety, foregone tax revenue and weakened incentive to innovate

25. Improving data collection phase I counterfeit and pirated products This study has highlighted just how poor data really is Governments and industry can help by ensuring data is –systematically collected –comparable –Comprehensive The reporting framework developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO) offers useful template for law enforcement agencies and industry

26. For the attention of policymakers Improve co-ordination amongst domestic agencies Consider having a clear C&P policy Have a clear and enforceable legal and regulatory framework Ensure effective enforcement International co-operation where there are cross-border transactions, Increase awareness amongst government officials and education of consumers Enhance co-operation with industry May be need to embrace new business models – especially in the digital market

27. Danny Scorpecci Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry For further information >>> Contact us OECD 2, rue André-Pascal 75775 Paris CEDEX 16 France Email: danny.scorpecci@oecd.org Phone: (+33) 1 4524 9433 Fax: (+33) 1 4430 6257 Website: www.oecd.org/sti/counterfeiting