1. Effective use of Media in Medical Education
Dr. Brijesh Rathore
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Visiting Faculty-American University of Barbados

2. Learning Objectives To know various audio visual aids
To know demerits and merits of each
To know the do’s and don'ts while using them
To select an appropriate teaching aid
To express enthusiasm about making efforts to for the preparation process

3. Teaching Is a skill Requires Expertise of the subject
Grasp of the language
Skills to communicate
Choosing an appropriate teaching aid

4. Audio Visual aids Writing boards Flip boards
Transparencies on Over head projector
35mm slide projector
Power point presentation
Video on LCD panel
Use of audio visual in special circumstances

5. The writing board Most commonly used—Black/white board Easy to use
Inexpensive
Quickly cleaned and reused
Reliable aid
Convenient to list item and draw diagrams
Allows step by step building
Students can keep pace with the teacher

6. Disadvantages:
Cannot hold a large amount of matter
Has to be erased so no permanent record
Time consuming
Difficult to keep attention of students
Not an appropriate medium in large audiences

7. Guidelines for effective use:
Availability of material
Arrange it in sequence – PLAN ahead
Good illumination
Ensure clarity
Emphasize key points
Position of teacher
Rubbing of board

8. CHALK BOARD ADVANTAGES:
Convenient to list items, draw charts and to solve problems.
Inexpensive and easily cleaned.
Usable for wide range of graphic representation.
Allows step by step build up, organization of structure of concept.
Helps student in note taking.

9. CHALK BOARD LIMITATIONS: Back to audience.
Can be seen only by small group.
Careful drawing are erased & not preserved for future use.
Considerable skill required for effective use.
Difficult to move from place to place.
APPLICATIONS:
Don’t crowd the chalk-board a few points make a vivid impression.
Make the material simple.
Plan the presentation earlier.

10. The Flip Chart Large chart with a pad of paper on a stand:
The notes, diagrams and flow charts can be prepared well in advance
Revealed at the appropriate point of presentation
Pages can be preserved for display after class and future references

11. Disadvantages:
Not effective for large audience
Cannot hold large amount of data
Writing may consume time.
Intermittently loose contact with audience while writing
Sometimes writing is illegible

12. Guidelines for effective use:
Availability of material
PLAN ahead
Good illumination
Ensure clarity
Position of teacher

13. Audio-Visual Aids Types of Audio Visual Aids
VISUAL AIDS: those communication devices which use seeing as primary process of communication.
Non-projected visual aids
Projected Visual Aids

14. Non-projected visual aids:
Chalk Board
Flannel Graphs
Flash cards
Posters
Diagrams and Photographs
Charts
Specimens
Models

15. Projected Visual Aids:
Overhead projector
Slide projector: 35 mm Slides
Film Strips
Epidiascope
Micro-projector
Silent cine films

16. Transparencies and Projector
A transparency is plastic film with written material usually in horizontal format
Magnification is 5 times
Letter cm in height (Printed >18pts)
Rule 2/6—nearest viewer should not be closer than distance equaling 2 screen widths and farthest not more than 6 screen widths

17. Transparencies and Projector
Advantages:
Simple, easily available and inexpensive
Can be used with lights on
Can be projected high
Can be prepared quickly and in advance
Allows step wise presentation—Masking
Can be preserved for future use

18. Advantages:
Simple, easily available and inexpensive
Can be used with lights on
Can be prepared quickly and in advance
Allows step wise presentation—Masking
Can be preserved for future use
Disadvantages:
Technical snags and problem of focus.
Over crowding.
Inertia to update material .

19. AUDIO AIDS P.A. System (Public address system)
Record players and discs
Cassette tape recorders

20. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Synchronized Tape-slide projector Cine movies
Open T.V. Broadcasts and Video-tapes
Closed Circuit T.V. and Video-tapes

21. FLANNELOGRAPHS
The flannel-board is covered with flannel or khadi cloth. The picture or materials with same material are used to stick
It helps to build presentation in a sequence, piece by piece.

22. FLASH CARDS
One of cheapest and effective aids to communicate an idea or sequence.
Each card contains words, phrases, or symbols or photographs.
It is flashed before a group of people with verbal commentary.
Suitable for small group.

23. MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
ADVANTAGES:
Three dimension, concept of reality.
Size allows close examination.
Good for magnified situation
Can permit learning and practice of different techniques.
Can be used to demonstrate function as well as construction.
Some can be made with locally available materials.

24. MODEL AND SIMULATION DEVICES
LIMITATIONS:
Simulation models are often expensive.
Craftsmanship required for local construction.
Usable for small groups.
Models often easily damaged.
Never the same as performing techniques on a patient.
APPLICATIONS:
Models can be used for demonstration when actual specimen is not available.
Simulation devices are used in situation where the real object or patient cannot be obtained.
Useful for instruction.

25. Projected Visual Aids

26. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF MATERIAL FOR VISUAL AIDS

27. NON-PROJECTED MATERIAL:
Maximum Viewing Minimum height
distance of letter ‘M’
8 Feet ¼”
16 Feet ½”
32 Feet ”
64 Feet ”

28. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

29. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR ADVANTAGES:
Projectable in daylight, high to audience, darkening of the class rooms is not needed.
The image can be projected high on the screen or wall enabling the whole class to see the projector image clearly.
Presented while facing the audience.
Relatively easy to prepare with local materials.
Subjects can be drawn in advance or developed be stages with the group.
It is easy to handle

30. LIMITATIONS:
Use of the over head projector for very large audience is limited.
Equipment and materials for making sophisticated transparencies are expensive.
Not easy to adopt for self study.

31. Projection transparencies, well fixed can be used by the teacher.
APPLICATIONS:
Use several sample transparencies rather than complex one and limit each visual to one message.
Use chemical pencil, overhead projector, pencil or wax crayon for writing on transparencies.
Use colour transparencies for better attention from audience and to emphasis details.
Projection transparencies, well fixed can be used by the teacher.

32. Density & Legibility Limit text to about 7 lines with 8 words/line
10 lines and 10 words for overhead transparencies
Use an active “voice” that emphasizes key words or phrases
Use at least 18-point font size
Use a simple style of lettering

33. Density & Legibility
Limit use of italics, underlining, bold and capitalization
Watch line spacing
Keep images simple
Use special effects sparingly (shadowing, 3-D)
Use 4 – 5 colors maximum
Increase color contrast with color hue and brightness

34. Keep it Simple
Effective slides emphasize and illustrate what the speaker says
Presents information succinctly
Presents information that is self- explanatory

35. Layout
Use horizontal (landscape) slides rather than vertical (portrait)
Try to be consistent about where you place information on the slide
Titles, bullets, logos, etc. should have a designated spot on slide
Layouts may be formal and balanced (entries centered/left-justified) or informal (entries off-centered yet balanced)

36. Color Use contrasting colors for text and background
Use about 4–5 colors per slide and be consistent
Highlight important information with contrasting color
Light-colored lettering or lines on dark background often preferred

37. Visibility ratio Dark Background Light Background
white black
yellow dark red or brown
orange orange
green green
red light blue
violet yellow

38. 35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR

39. 35 mm SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR
ADVANTAGES:
Suitable for small and large audience.
Preparation of slides is very easy and not so expensive.
Slides sets and projectors are light and easy to carry.
For projection, no specific technical knowledge or skill necessary.
LIMITATIONS:
For front projector, darkening of the auditorium or class room in necessary.
Amount of information in one slide (in number of lines of matter) is limited.

40. APPLICATION:
Useful for teaching in class rooms and self study units.
Can be used repeatedly.
With automatic projectors, slides can be changed, can be programmed, also advanced or reversed.
Using a trans- focuser lens you can focus the details
Using a special light pointer you can pin point the details.

41. Opaque projector, episcope, Spencer Delineascope.
Epidiascope
Opaque projector, episcope, Spencer Delineascope.

42. Epidiascope
Projects any non-transparent pictures - photographs, charts, sketches and hand written materials.
It can be used to project coins, sheets books etc.
The principle of reflected projection is used in the use of opaque projections.
The opaque projection can be used to project variety of materials in any teaching situation.

43. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
This system is still found in schools, but is being largely replaced by LCD projectors.
Spatial light modulators (SLMs)
Many OHPs are used with a flat panel LCD which, when used this way is referred to as a spatial light modulator or SLM. Data projectors

45. NEWER ELECTRONIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Teleconferencing / Telemedicine
Teletext
Videotext
Computers

46. Thanks
for
your kind attention