1. LIGO Laboratory1 Thermal Compensation Experience in LIGO Phil Willems- Caltech Virgo/LSC Meeting, Cascina, May 2007 LIGO-G070339-00-Z

2. LIGO Laboratory2 The Essence of the Problem, and of its Solution Power recycling cavityArm cavity Optical power absorbed by the ITM creates a thermal lens in the (marginally stable) recycling cavity, distorting the RF sideband fields there. ITMETMPRM Add optical power to the ITM to erase the thermal gradient, leaving a uniformly hot, flat-profile substrate.

3. LIGO Laboratory3

4. 4 LIGO CO 2 Laser Projector Thermal Compensator CO 2 Laser ? Over-heat Correction Inhomogeneous Correction Under-heat Correction ZnSe Viewport Over-heat pattern Inner radius = 4cm Outer radius =11cm Imaging target onto the TM limits the effect of diffraction spreading Modeling suggests a centering tolerance of 10 mm is required

5. LIGO Laboratory5 CO 2 Laser Projector Layout Image planes here, here, and at ITM HR face over-heat correction under-heat correction

6. LIGO Laboratory6 Thermal Compensation as Installed

7. TCS Servo Control

8. LIGO Laboratory8 Thermal Compensation Controls

9. LIGO Laboratory9 Heating Both ITMs in a Power-Recycled Michelson No Heating 30 mW 60 mW90 mW 120 mW 150 mW 180 mWCarrier

10. LIGO Laboratory10 RF Sideband Power Buildup Both ITMs heated equally Maximum power with 180 mW total heat

11. LIGO Laboratory11 RF Sideband Power Buildup Only ITMy heated Maximum power with 120 mW total heat Same maximum power as when both ITMs heated

12. LIGO Laboratory12 Common-mode Bulls-eye Sensor Good mode overlap of RF sideband with carrier determines optimal thermal compensation- so we measure the RF mode size to servo TCS. Sensor output is proportional to LG10 mode content of RF sidebands.

13. LIGO Laboratory13 Differential TCS- Control of AS_I AS_Q: RF sidebands at dark port create swinging LO field- when arm imbalance detunes carrier from dark fringe signal appears at quadrature phase AS_I: dark fringe means no carrier, RF sideband balance means no LO at this phase- there should be no signal. Yet, this signal dominates the RF photodetection electronics! --there must be carrier contrast defect --there must be RF sideband imbalance --apparently, slightly imperfect ITM HR surfaces mismatch the arm modes, creating the contrast defect. TCS provides the cure.

14. LIGO Laboratory14 Thermal Time Scales After locking at high power, the heat distribution in the ITM continues to evolve for hours. To maintain constant thermal focusing power requires varying TCS power. In practice, constant TCS power is often enough.

15. TCS Noise Issues

16. LIGO Laboratory16

17. LIGO Laboratory17 TCS Noise Coupling Mechanisms Thermoelastic (TE)- fluctuations in locally deposited heat cause fluctuations in local thermal expansion Thermorefractive (TR)- fluctuations in locally deposited heat cause fluctuations in local refractive index Flexure (F)- fluctuations in locally deposited heat cause fluctuations in global shape of optic

18. LIGO Laboratory18 Flexure Noise- A Simple Model probe beam heating slat mirror CM line A very skinny mirror with ‘annular’ heating The probe beam sees the mirror move at the center due to wiggling far from center

19. LIGO Laboratory19

20. LIGO Laboratory20 TCS Injected Noise Spectrum

21. LIGO Laboratory21 TCS-Induced Transients Upgraded TCS controllers use rotating polarizers to adjust power. Every 10 seconds, the polarizers reorient. Every 10 seconds a glitch appears in TCS. Most glitches are well below LIGO sensitivity. After discovering this mechanism, polarizer stage motion was smoothed. Impulses in TCS output can produce impulsive signals in the interferometer output: laser switching, mode transitions, and more obscure sources of noise…

22. Quality of Compensation

23. LIGO Laboratory23 Projector Heating Patterns Annulus Mask Central Heat Mask Intensity variations across the images due to small laser spot size Projection optics work well

24. LIGO Laboratory24 Expected Profile of Thermal Lens Expected uncompensated phase profile. Expected compensated phase profile.

25. LIGO Laboratory25 Actual Profile of Thermal Lens ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

26. LIGO Laboratory26 ‘Gold Star’ Mask Design “star”- from hole pattern “gold”- gold coating to reduce power absorption Hole pattern is clearly not ideal but diffraction and heat diffusion smooth the phase profile

27. LIGO Laboratory27 Improved Carrier Power with Gold Star Mask Why this helps the carrier is mysterious, but we’ll take it optical gain up 5% carrier recycling gain up 10% Note: no similar improvement in the sideband power was observed

28. Enhanced LIGO TCS

29. LIGO Laboratory29 Our Need for Power Initial LIGO runs at ~7W input power Enhanced LIGO will run at ~30W input power »4-5x more absorbed power »Naively, ~4-5x more TCS power needed »Practically, more power even than this may be needed since LIGO point design is meant to make TCS unnecessary at 6W »Or less power, if we can clean the mirrors »Correction of static mirror curvature errors clouds this picture Our current projectors are not adequate

30. LIGO Laboratory30 Test Mass Absorption Measurement Technique-Spot Size

31. LIGO Laboratory31 Enhanced LIGO TCS Projector

32. LIGO Laboratory32 Axicon design proposed by II-VI for Enhanced LIGO The Axicon

33. LIGO Laboratory33 Conclusions TCS becomes essential instantly after it is installed. TCS works even though thermal lens is poorly known. TCS is flexible (all three IFOs have different installations). The external projector design is flexible and easy to maintain. Unexpected behaviors and uses (e.g. AS_I, carrier arm coupling, static correction) appear during commissioning. Noise couplings and injections can be rich but are predictable, measurable, not fatal.