1. Communications and Experiential Family Therapy
Virginia Satir
Carl Whitaker

2. Concepts to watch for:
The Primacy of the experience – “Existence precedes essence,” “thoughts and feelings are attempts to understand our world, but the experience of life comes first.” Those who are only intellectualizing are not fully alive.
Affect – Families who are not in touch with their experience and emotionally dead.

3. Concepts to watch for:
The Person of the Therapist – Experiential family therapists (all counselors) participate actively and personally in the session. They do not attempt to hide behind a therapeutic mask, but risk being vulnerable and open. Self-disclosure, and congruency and transparency are vital.
Spontaneity and Creativity – non rational and creative experiences are important to provide for the family (client).

4. Concepts to watch for:
Freedom, Holism, and Existential Anxiety – Freedom – choice not fate, awareness of death, finality of life.
I-Thou relationship – among family members and with the world, and starting with the therapist/client.
Present-centeredness – Immediate experience and person-to-person encounters.

5. Communications School
Early MRI emphasized communications
All behavior is communication
Communication has both a Report and a Command
Communication has both analogue and digital parts
Meta communication is communication about communication.

6. The double bind Two or more persons in an important relationship.
Repeated experience.
A primary negative injunction, such as “Don’t do X or I will punish you.
A second injunction at a more abstract level conflicting with the first, also enforced by punishment or perceived threat.
A tertiary negative injunction prohibiting escape and demanding a response Without this restriction the “victim” won’t feel bound;
The complete set of ingredients is no longer necessary after the victim is conditioned.

7. Existentialism
Existentialism, a philosophy that examines the immediacy of the problems of life i.e., the condition of humans, the state of being free, and of having to use freedom in order to answer the ever-changing and unexpected challenges of the day. Existentialists have the starting point for every philosophical investigation as human existence -- the human personality itself, my “me,” your "you" -- whose drama of life, brought under critical analysis, should point the way to the absolute value of reality.
Phenomenology – we all create and experience our own reality separate from what is real – out there.
Search for meaning – we strive to understand what is all about.

8. Satir- Outline Humanistic perspective View of human nature Source of motivation Development of pathology Nature of change Therapeutic relationship

9. Satir- Humanistic Perspective
Techniques
Carl Rogers Fritz Perls Existentialists

10. Satir- Humanistic Perspective
Goal of humanistic therapy is to increase awareness of options and potential Make choices Increase autonomy and self-actualization

11. Satir- Philosophical tenets
Relationship is encounter between two people at any moment
Strength of relationship based on strength of self-concept

12. Satir- View of human nature
Geared to survival, growth, getting close to others.
Humans are limited in ways of “knowing” self

13. Satir- Source of motivation
Communication
Self-worth

14. Satir- Development of pathology
Inability to form relationships.
Ineffective communication

15. Satir- Development of pathology
Ineffective communication-
Convey self incongruently
Variable to adapt to present context
Does not elicit feedback
Denial of impulses
Suppression of feelings
Families are locked into self-protection and avoidance
Emotional deadness

16. Satir- Development of pathology
Families are cold; tend to stay together out of habit or duty.
Families lack warmth to themselves and others
Couples live together in quiet desperation.
Adults don’t seem to enjoy their children.
Ineffective communication types Placater Blamer Computer Distractor

17. Satir- Nature of change
Goal of treatment-
Increased self-worth
Clear, direct, honest communication
Flexible and appropriate roles
Open and hopeful links to society

18. Satir- Therapeutic relationship
Seen as resource person.
Serve as experienced observer.
Model good communication.
Teach clients effective communication.
Aware of possibilities for interactions in therapy

19. Satir- Stages of therapy
Opening phone call.
Discover who is in family.
Ages of members.
Importance of members.
Parenting roles

20. Satir- Stages of therapy
Initial session- Clarify family expectations Explain nature of family therapy Explore symptoms Reflect puzzlement of good intentions Family study

21. Satir- Stages of therapy
Family Life Chronology- (First 2 sessions) Courtship history Early married life Marital expectations Plan and arrival of each child

22. Satir- Therapeutic relationship-
Emphasize equality in relationship
Encourage client’s to elicit feedback from therapist
Make “I value you” statements (well, we know you have good seed)

23. Satir- Techniques
Improve self-worth- Identify client strengths Ask questions on client’s area of expertise Note achievements in family history Accentuate good intentions Questions on bringing happiness to others

24. Satir- Techniques
Improve communication- Do not allow members to block communication Do not allow members to speak for each other Encourage client’s to ask for clarification Interpret family messages

25. Satir- Stages of therapy
Termination- Complete transactions, clear messages Improved perceptions of self, others perceptions Disagree Make choices

26. Questions?
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27. Carl Whitaker
Whitaker- Philosophy Nontheoretical approach Moment-to-moment interchange Whitaker-

28. Carl Whitaker’s View of human nature
Healthy families: Process of perpetual becoming.
Three generations that maintain autonomy.
Flexible roles.
Flexible power distribution

29. Whitaker- View of human nature Healthy families:
Use constructive input.
Develop “as if” structure.
Allowed to be crazy.
Develop functional realities

30. Whitaker- View of human nature Healthy families:
Aware of stress of members.
Express positive and negative feelings.
Respect intimacy and separation.
Encourage outside relationships

31. Whitaker- Source of motivation
Grow despite adversities.
Parents grown from difficulties with their children.
Deal with symptoms as growth

32. Whitaker- Development of pathology
Discomfort with growth.
Inflexibility.
Resistant to change.

33. Whitaker- Nature of change
Goal of therapy is to encourage change and growth

34. Whitaker- Therapeutic relationship
Use of co-therapists.
Share opinions of family.
Use of children as co-therapists.
Model healthy adult functioning

35. Whitaker-Stages of therapy
Initial phone call-Insist on all members

36. Whitaker- Stages of therapy
Battle for structure.
Therapists initially control structure of session, time, cost, location.
Insist on all members present

37. Whitaker- Stages of treatment
Initial session.
Address father first.
Assess for subgroups

38. Whitaker- Stages of therapy
Battle for initiative Insist that family members make change Exchange control of sessions

39. Whitaker- Stages of therapy
Battle for bilaterality Family can leave treatment at any time Flight into health

40. Whitaker- Techniques Redefinition of symptoms as growth.
Use fantasy alternatives.
Assign members to change roles.
Augment despair of members.
Engage in affective confrontation.
Treat children like children.
Separate interpersonal stress from fantasy stress.
Highlight family revolution.
Extended family reunion.
Use of consultation

41. Whitaker- Stages of treatment
Termination Express feelings to family

42. Questions?
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