1. Explicitation Profile and Translator Style Renata Kamenická Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic kamenick@phil.muni.cz

2. Concepts Explicitation ~ translation universals + simplification, normalization, avoidance of repetition etc. Explicitation ~ the third code Explicitation ~ the third code

3. Concepts Translator’s style vs. author’s style Baker, 2000 Bosseaux, 2001 Winters, 2004 Saldanha, 2005

4. Concepts Typology of explicitation (Klaudy) Obligatory ~ due to language system Optional ~ to preserve “naturalness“ Pragmatic ~ bridging the cultural gap Translation-inherent ~ inherent to the translation process

5. Concepts Explicitation profile = a set of characteristics describing the translator’s behaviour in terms of explicitation with respect to a certain text (/translation in general?)

6. Concepts Language metafunctions (Halliday) Ideational – experiential – logical InterpersonalTextual

7. Explicitation at the crossection of approaches studying: - the individual x the general in translation - translation as a process x as a product - cognitive aspects x sociocultural aspects (norms)

8. Studying explicitation through - parallel corpora (Vanderauwera, Øveras) - comparable corpora (Baker, Olohan, …) - parallel corpora again?

9. Material parallel corpus of literary texts – novels by different translators

10. Objectives To l ink patterns of explicitation choices ~ the translator’s style with respect to a specific literary text the translator’s style in general the stage of the translator’s career etc.

11.  Characteristics of explicitation behaviour shared by different translators?  Individual characteristics of explicitation behaviour?  In/dependence of explicitation profile of/on a particular text?  Stability of explicitation profile over time?  “Prototypical“ expl. profiles?

12. Sampling frame Shortlist Inclusion criteria - contemporary translations (1945-) - contemporary originals (1940-) - novels – not historical, not non-fiction, not detective fiction, not experimental not detective fiction, not experimental

13. Final criterion: maximum span of time maximum number of relevant translations

14. Radoslav Nenadál (b. 1929) 1973 – 1991 Antonín Přidal (b. 1935) 1974 – 1991 1974 – 1991 10 novels each

15. Pilot study Nenadál (1990): Falconer – J. Cheever Přidal (1984):Small World – D. Lodge

16. “Explicitation phenomena“ = explicitation + implicitation = explicitation + implicitation→ explicitation/implicitation profile

17. Language metafunctions (Halliday) Ideational – experiential – logical InterpersonalTextual

18.  Experiential explicitation / implicitation  Logical explicitation / implicitation  Interpersonal explicitation / implicitation  Textual explicitation / implicitation

19. Halliday: language as social semiotic meaning potential → instantialization „polyphony“

20. Systemic functional linguistics Ideational function the „observer function“ the clause as a figure in the flow of events

21. Systemic functional linguistics Interpersonal function the „intruder function“ the clause as a move in dialogic interaction

22. Systemic functional linguistics Textual function meaning as texture the clause as a message in the flow of information the clause as a message in the flow of information

23. Pilot study - material 3 sections of 5,000 words each (parallel text) Section 1 – opening of the novel Section 2 Section 3

24. Experiential E/IExperiential E/I Logical E/ILogical E/I Interpersonal E/IInterpersonal E/I Textual E/ITextual E/I Narrator level of discourseNarrator level of discourse Characters’ level of discourseCharacters’ level of discourse

25. Results - general E rate 50 / 5,000 words 1 occurrence / 100 words fairly stable rates

26. Results – translator-specific Translator 1 (Nenadál) E >I (E rate 3 times higher) E: more varied EXP-N, IP-CH I: fairly stable EXP-N Translator 2 (Přidal) E ~ I E: more varied highly variable I: fairly stable EXP-N

27. Results – translator-specific Translator 1 (Nenadál) Explicitation preferred over implicitation Avoidance of repetitions „Summarizing“ Translator 2 (Přidal) Flexible management of meaning potential Repetitions: ? E/I compensation

28. Other results Problematic cases of explicitation generalizing vs. specificity pragmatic explicitation → refining the definitions?

29. ? Klaudy and Károly, 2003: A SL unit of a more general meaning is replaced by a TL unit of a more special meaning → EXPLICITATION

30. ? E: “No one can figure out how she can stand being married to Howard.“ Cz*: “No one can figure out how she can stand being married to that kind of man.“

31. ? E: „terminal One at Heathrow“ Cz*: „the main building of the London airport“

32. Other results Systemic differences between E and Cz “but“ in E and Cz

33. E: “They made their trip back to their home in the swamp after dark, and Farragut could not see this.“ Cz*: „They made their trip to their home in the swamp after dark, but Farragut could not see this.“

34. Thank you for your attention!