1. WRAP Stationary Source (SS) NOx and PM Report Lee Alter Western Governors’ Association WRAP IOC NOx Issues Meeting Denver, CO July 28, 2003

2. Section 309(d)(4)(v) Requirements SIPs “must include a report which assesses emissions control strategies for stationary source NOx and PM, and the degree of visibility impairment that would result from such strategies.” The report must evaluate the need for milestones to avoid net increases and to support possible multipollutant and multisource programs. The SIP must commit to a 2008 revision containing any necessary long-term strategies and BART requirements for stationary source NOx and PM.

3. Approach Starting point for addressing stationary source NOx and PM emissions.  What is the relative significance of these emissions?  How should the WRAP address these sources more comprehensively over the next few years? The report does not recommend strategies, control levels, or define BART.

4. Stationary Source Emissions Stationary source are expected to grow. Stationary source PM 10 emissions appear less important than NOx, but they contribute more to haze on a per ton basis.

5. SS NOx Emissions (1996) 763 plants > 100 tpy These account for 94% of SS emissions ~150 are power plants

6. SS NOx Emissions > 100 tpy (1996) Utility Boilers Utility ICEs Industrial Boilers Industrial ICEs Industrial Processes

7. Industrial ICE NOx Emissions > 0 tpy

8. What Are Reciprocating Ind. ICEs?

9. What About Utility Boilers? Of the 99 dry-bottom coal-fired utility boilers in the 13 states in 1996 …  14 had at least one control in the WRAP data Modified Furnace/Burner Design (13), Low Excess Air Firing(1)  45 had at least one control in the EPA/EIA data Modified Furnace/Burner Design(13), Low Excess Air Firing(1), Low NOx Burner(21), OFA(3), Misc.(7)  68 had at least one control in the 2000 EPA/EIA data Modified Furnace/Burner Design(13), Low Excess Air Firing(1), Low NOx Burner(41), OFA(9), Misc.(4)

10. SS Inventory Conclusions WRAP is about to compile a 2002 inventory. Inventory may be adequate for air quality modeling, but more information is needed for strategy development and evaluation. For ICEs and NG production …  Check emission quantities  Improve classification and process descriptions For utility and industrial boilers …  Improve data on controls in place  Include boiler capacity and design/process info

11. IMPROVE Monitoring Data (2001) Need data for 20% best and 20% worst days Percentages would likely be higher if natural sources excluded Waiting for trend data Percent of Annual Average Light Extinction Due to Ammonium Nitrate

12. WRAP Modeling Data (2018) Sensitivity run to assess the need to avoid net increases.  25% NOx and PM 10 increase from all SS Sensitivity runs to assess strategies.  50% NOx reduction from SS > 100 tpy  50% PM 10 reduction from SS > 100 tpy

13. 50% SS NOx Reduction in GCVTR Results are for summer only Performance not adequate Several improvements under way NOx influences formation of other PM species, but difficult to model and validate

14. Conceptual Models Conceptual model of haze in the West.  Primer -- What we know and don’t know regarding SS NOx and PM. Summary of control technologies, costs, and secondary impacts.  34 technologies/practices. Most commercially available. Rest are near available  With the exception of SCR, most achieve a 30- 50% reduction at a cost of $300 - $1,200 per ton.  Costs highly dependent on boiler type, size, vintage, configuration, fuels, and existing controls.

15. In and Near NOx (1996, within 50 km)