1. Carbon Injection into Electric Arc Furnace Slags Carbon Injection into Electric Arc Furnace Slags McMaster University Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Seminar 701 Supervisor: Prof. Ken. Coley Tai Xi Zhu April 1, 2011

2. 2Agenda  Introduction  Literature reviews  Experimental method and results  Discussion of model and results  Future works

3. 3 Introduction- Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)  EAF produces engineered steel from recycled scrap metal  Primary processes include:  Scrap charging  Pre-heating with burner and melting with electrical arc  Second charge  Carbon and oxygen injection  Tapping

4. 4 Introduction-Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

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7. 7 Introduction- Slag Foaming  Carbon is injected to react with molten slags, it decreases iron oxides and optimize slag foaming  Protect electrode  Reduce noise  Increase furnace lining service life  Improve energy and thermal efficiency  Focused research in carbon/coal injected into EAF slags

8. 8 Literature Reviews  Reaction of injected carbon with oxides in slags C(injected, s) + O (slag) = CO (g). Schematic representation of carbon-gas and slag-gas reaction (M. King Thesis 2009)

9. 9 Literature Reviews  M. King (2009) developed model for the reaction of carbon particles injected into slag and it predicts total amount of carbon in the slag and rate of gas(CO) generation during carbon injection into EAF slags p CO2 is the equilibrium pressure of CO 2 in bubble surrounding [atm] the carbon p c CO2 is the pressure of CO2 at the carbon-gas interface[atm]. ° C is initial number of moles M i and ρ i are molar mass and density of CO and CO 2 respectively a O is equilibrium CO/CO 2 partial pressure in slag is carbon particle injection rate [particles s -1 ] is rate constant for reaction at slag-gas interface [mol m -2 atm -1 s -1 ] t is carbon residence time in slag[s]

10. 10 Literature Reviews

11. 11 Literature Reviews  Foam index Σ – “how long can bubble survive” It is intermediate parameter that helps us to understand foaming processing in EAF furnace, it was firstly defined by Ito and Fruehan(1989), in the unit of time(sec), and represented ideal average foam/bubble traveling time through foam layers. Δh - change of foam height Qg -gas flow rate - superficial gas velocity [m/s]

12. 12 Literature Reviews  Development of foam index Σ Jiang and Fruehan (1991) Zhang and Fruehan (1995) Ghag et al. (1998)

13. 13 Literature Reviews  Development of foam index Σ Lahiri-Seethanraman (2002) Morales et al. (2002) – Dynamic foam index

14. 14 Literature Reviews  Critical bubble wall thickness proposed by J. van der Schaaf and Beerkens’ (J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006) A H – Hamaker Constant (J) d avg – average buble diameter σ - surface tension (N/m)

15. 15 Experimental Method Carbon injection into EAF slags experimental setup (Thesis, M. King, 2009 )

16. 16 Experimental Method

17. 17 Experimental Results Exp. 16 Exp. 24Exp. 32Exp. 33Exp. 34Exp. 35Exp. 36Exp.37Exp. 38 Carbon injection rate [mol s -1 ] 0.033 8 0.03910.05660.07490.03520.04840.05760.0561 Maximum carbon gasification rate [mol s -1 ] 0.027 0 0.03600.03250.06460.11270.03980.03570.06350.0701 Slag foam height [m] 0.050 8 0.07670.1340.1770.1900.1580.1710.1650.191 Foam index [s] 0.3290.3790.7620.5040.3090.7290.8890.4760.329

18. 18 Experimental Results Slag foam height vs. superficial gas velocity

19. 19 Discussions  Experimental results demonstrate that after a critical point, foam height continued to increase as a function of superficial gas velocity but at a much reduced rate..  This critical point is strongly dependent upon slags volume

20. 20 Discussions Discussions  Assumption:  each gas bubble is spherical  Critical point happens when all molten slag is consumed  Particulate carbon is injected into slag at constant rate  Critical bubble wall thickness is average bubble wall thickness at steady state

21. 21 Discussions Slag foam height vs. Bubble diameter

22. 22 Discussions Slag foam height vs. bubble wall thickness

23. 23

24. 24Conclusion  Increase in slag foaming with carbon injection rate is limited by slag volume  This phenomenon is likely caused by either an increase in the energy required to grow bubbles beyond a certain size or by the increased tendency to rupture of bigger bubble.

25. 25 Improvement of M. King’s works t < ∑ (foam index) t > ∑ (foam index) but < t_inj

26. 26 Improvement of M. King’s works

27. 27 Improvement of M. King’s works

28. 28 Future Works  Improve previous work done by M. King  Extend theory of critical carbon injection point to other slag volumes

29. Acknowledge Dr. K. S. Coley and Dr. G. A. Irons Dr. S. Ray Owen Kelly and Dr.Kumar Krishnaposharody – experiments Dr. F.Z. Ji (ArcelorMittal) and M. King- experimental and theoretical advice Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

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