2. Welcome to CMPE003 Personal Computer Concepts: Hardware and Software Winter 2003 UC Santa Cruz Instructor: Guy Cox

3. January 23, 20032 Midterm #1 This Wednesday – January 29  Chapters 1 – 4 and 8  ~50 questions  Multiple choice Bring Scantron form  #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink) Bring #2 pencil  Bring your student ID Required to take exam

4. January 23, 20033 Assignments Homework #3 – Due February 3  Design your own Webpage  Keep in mind --- The world at large will see your page Don’t put private or sensitive information on your Webpage.  Details and sample – see class page – http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Winter03/

5. The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Part b

6. January 23, 20035 Objectives Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer Explain how data is represented in the computer Describe how the computer finds instructions and data Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboard List the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed

7. January 23, 20036 Number systems Binary Number: base 2 on and off 0,1 ones=2 0, twos=2 1, fours=2 2, etc 0000 0000 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 10 0000 0010 = 2 base 10 0000 0011 = 3 base 10 0000 1010 = 10 base 10

8. January 23, 20037 Binary Number System We have 10 fingers Computers have devices with 2 states...1000100101...10^310^210^110^0 10011the binary number 2^42^32^22^12^0place values (1 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^2) + (1 * 2^1) + (1 * 2^0) = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19

9. January 23, 20038 Hexadecimal Numbers Hexadecimal Number: base 16 alternative representation to binary 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F ones=16 0, sixteens=16 1, 256's=16 2, etc translation of hex into binary 0000 0000 = 0 base 16 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 16 = 1 base 10 0000 1010 = A base 16 = 10 base 10 0001 0000 = 10 base 16 = 16 base 10

10. January 23, 20039 Hexadecimal Table 0000010008 0001110019 001021010A (10) 001131011B (11) 010041100C (12) 010151101D (13) 011061110E (14) 011171111F (15)

11. January 23, 200310 Hexadecimal Example #1 Hexadecimal (called ‘hex’) is often written with a prefix of ‘0x’  0xFF or 0xff 0xFF = 1111 1111  = (0xF * 16^1) + (0xF * 16^0)  = (15 * 16) + (15 * 1)  = 240 + 15  = 255

12. January 23, 200311 Hexadecimal Example #2 0x10 = 0001 0000  = (0x1 * 16^1) + (0x0 * 16^0)  = (1 * 16) + (0 * 1)  = 16 + 0  = 16 0xA5 = 1010 0101  = (0xA * 16^1) + (0x5 * 16^0)  = (10 * 16) + (5 * 1)  = 160 + 5  = 165

13. January 23, 200312 The System Unit: The Black Box Houses electronic components  Motherboard  Storage devices  Connections Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor

14. January 23, 200313 The System Unit: The Black Box Motherboard Microprocessor chip Memory chips Connections to other parts of the hardware Additional chips may be added – math coprocessor

15. January 23, 200314 The System Unit: The Black Box Storage Devices Hard drive Floppy drive CD-ROM drive DVD-ROM drive

16. January 23, 200315 What is in our computer?

17. January 23, 200316 Microprocessor CPU etched on a chip Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch Composed of silicon Contains millions of transistors  Electronic switches that can allow current to pass through

18. January 23, 200317 Microprocessor Components Control Unit – CU Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU Registers System clock

19. January 23, 200318 Building a Better Microprocessor Computers imprint circuitry onto microchips  Cheaper  Faster Perform functions of other hardware  Math coprocessor is now part of microprocessor  Multimedia instructions are now part of microprocessor

20. January 23, 200319 Building a Better Microprocessor The faster the computer runs The cheaper it is to make The more reliable it is The more functions that are combined on a microprocessor:

21. January 23, 200320 Types of Microprocessors Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon Itanium Intel-compatible Cyrix AMD

22. January 23, 200321 Types of Microprocessors PowerPC  Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and Motorola  Used in Apple Macintosh family of PCs  Found in servers and embedded systems Alpha  Manufactured by Compaq (formerly DEC)  High-end servers and workstations

23. January 23, 200322 Semiconductor Memory Reliable Compact Low cost Low power usage Mass-produced economically Volatile Made up of tiny circuits, each able to represent ‘0’ or ‘1’ (bits)

24. January 23, 200323 Semiconductor Memory: CMOS Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) Uses little electricity Used in PC to store hardware settings that are needed to boot the computer Retains information with current from battery

25. January 23, 200324 RAM Keeps the instructions and data for current program Data in memory can be accessed randomly Easy and speedy access Volatile Can be Erased Written over

26. January 23, 200325 Types of RAM SRAM (Static RAM) Retains contents as long as power is maintained Faster than DRAM

27. January 23, 200326 Types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) Must be constantly refreshed Used for most PC memory because of size and cost SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)  faster type of DRAM RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)  Faster than SDRAM  Expensive

28. January 23, 200327 Adding RAM Purchase memory modules that are packaged on circuit boards SIMMS – Chips on one side DIMMS – Chips on both sides Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is based upon the motherboard design

29. January 23, 200328 ROM Programs and data that are permanently recorded at the factory Read-only Cannot be changed by the user Stores boot routine that is activated when computer is turned on Non-volatile

30. January 23, 200329 PROM Programmable ROM ROM burner can change instructions on some type of ROM chips

31. January 23, 200330 Bus Line Paths that transport electrical signals System bus  Transports data between the CPU and memory Bus width  Number of bits of data that can be carried at a time  Normally the same as the CPUs word size Speed measured in MHz

32. January 23, 200331 Bus Line CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions Larger bus width = More powerful computer CPU can transfer more data at a time = Faster computer CPU can reference larger memory addresses = More memory available

33. January 23, 200332 Expansion Buses Connect the motherboard to expansion slots Plug expansion boards into slots  interface cards  adapter cards Provides for external connectors / ports  Serial  Parallel

34. January 23, 200333 Expansion Buses

35. January 23, 200334 PC Buses and Ports ISASlow-speed devices like mouse, modem PCIHigh-speed devices like hard disks and network cards AGPConnects memory and graphics card for faster video performance USBSupports “daisy-chaining” eliminating the need for multiple expansion cards; hot-swappable IEEE 1394 (FireWire) High-speed bus connecting video equipment to the computer PC Card PCMCIA Credit card sized PC card devices normally found on laptops

36. January 23, 200335 What is in our computer?

37. January 23, 200336 Speed and Power What makes a computer fast? Microprocessor speed Bus line size Availability of cache  L1 & L2 Flash memory RISC computers Parallel processing

38. January 23, 200337 Computer Processing Speed Time to execute an instruction Millisecond Microsecond Nanosecond  Modern computers Picosecond  In the future

39. January 23, 200338 Microprocessor Speed Clock speed  Megahertz (MHz)  Gigahertz (GHz) Number of instructions per second  Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) Performance of complex mathematical operations  One million floating-point operations per second (Megaflops – MFLOPS)

40. January 23, 200339 Cache Small block of very fast temporary memory Speed up data transfer Instructions and data used most frequently or most recently

41. January 23, 200340 Cache Step 1 Processor requests data or instructions Step 2 Go to address in main memory and read Step 3 Transfer to main CPU and cache Next processor request Look first at cache Go to memory PROCESSORPROCESSOR RAMRAM Cache

42. January 23, 200341 Types of Cache Internal cache  Level 1 (L1)  Built into microprocessor  Up to 128KB External cache  Level 2 (L2)  Separate chips  256KB or 512 KB  SRAM technology  Cheaper and slower than L1  Faster and more expensive than memory

43. January 23, 200342 Flash Memory Nonvolatile RAM Used in  Cellular phones  Digital cameras  Digital music recorders  PDAs

44. January 23, 200343 Instruction Sets CISC Technology Complex Instruction Set Computing  Conventional computers  Many of the instructions are not used RISC Technology Reduced Instruction Set Computing  Small subset of instructions  Increases speed  Programs with few complex instructions Graphics Engineering

45. January 23, 200344 Types of Processing Serial processing  Execute one instruction at a time  Fetch, decode, execute, store Parallel Processing  Multiple processors used at the same time  Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per second (teraflops)  Ex: network servers, supercomputers

46. January 23, 200345 Types of Processing Pipelining  Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins  Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2 Super Scalar  Executes multiple instructions per cycle

47. January 23, 200346 Midterm #1 This Wednesday – January 29  Chapters 1 – 4 and 8  ~50 questions  Multiple choice Bring Scantron form  #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink) Bring #2 pencil  Bring your student ID Required to take exam

48. January 23, 200347