1. REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

2. REMEMBER Cycle 1 http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

3. Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER: A NUCLEUS contains ______________ orbit nucleus in ENERGY LEVELS PROTONS (+) NEUTRONS ELECTRONS ( - )

4. Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, & electrons Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm

5. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have an electric charge and are called __________ They are written with a + or – next to their symbol IONS Na + Cl -

6. 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 5.____________ 6.____________ Atoms/ions important for living things Carbon - C Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Phosphorus - P

7. ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________ WATER Image by: Riedell A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule EX: ________ H2OH2O

8. ________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together 2 H 2 + O 2 → 2 H 2 0 SYNTHESIS 2 water molecules Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule

9. An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2 0 ______________ _______________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced products → reactants http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

10. Chemical reactions need help to get started EX: A fire needs a match to get it started. http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL... Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself

11. In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactions happen. Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE ENZYMES http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg PROTEINS

12. PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an ____________________________. __________are released and enzyme is free to help again http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif SUBSTRATES ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS

13. Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP -ASE

14. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

15. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________ __________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________. http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added! In 1643- a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling. Jan van Helmont seedling had gained soil unchanged WATER

16. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide watercarbon Carbohydrates

17. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1771- An English minister, _________________________, discovered that a flame burning in a closed jar would die out. If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be lit again. The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html We now know it was …____________ OXYGEN Joseph Priestley live plant

18. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1779- Dutch scientist ________________________ showed Priestley’s plant experiment only worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ ! http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG Jan Ingenhousz light

19. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1961- American chemist ________________________ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________ used by plants to make sugar http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin Melvin Calvin pathway http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html

20. THE BIG PICTURE These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO 2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ Carbon dioxide WATERSugars Oxygen 6 CO 2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 →

21. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and __________________ are needed for photosynthesis to happen. chlorophyll light energy http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm

22. ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. Photosynthesis consumed Reaction 1 →Product → X Reaction 2 → Product Y A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

23. See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B

24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n Calvin Cycle

25. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO 2 + 6H 2 OSUGAR + 6O 2

26. http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg

27. Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg wavelengths colors

28. Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT.... Myth: Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

29. BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes. That is the ___________ we “see” Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html REFLECTED COLOR

30. This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg except absorbs ALL BLUE reflected

31. The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9 except red reflected GO CATS!

32. Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif absorbs ALL ENERGY

33. The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

34. Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING? Images by: VanderWal yellowPurple & yellow

35. green Image by: VanderWal Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect? So green leaves ____________ the green wavelength of light. REFLECT

36. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

37. The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CAROTENOIDS http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg CHLOROPHYLL

38. GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

39. In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter. FALL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

40. Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg HIDDEN

41. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red violet Blue

42. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b red Blue-violet

43. red Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! GREEN

44. That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light! http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg REFLECTS

45. That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy. http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1 USE MORE ABSORB DOESN’T

46. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ red Blue-violet

47. Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

48. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS