1. The Chloroplast and Photosynthesis

2. Photosynthesis What are oxygenic phototrophs and how have they determined the course of evolution of life on earth? What are the two major processes of photosynthesis?

3. Chloroplasts What is the relationship between proplastids, plastids and chloroplasts? What do we know about the size, shape and numbers of these organelles in cells?

4. Chloroplasts

5. What are some of the structural features of chloroplasts?

6. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis What led to the formulation of this hypothesis?

7. Energy Transduction What is the nature of light? Is it a wave? Is it a particle? How is the energy of a photon of light related to its wavelength?

8. Energy Transduction

9. What is involved in photoexcitation? What may happen when a molecule absorbs a photon of light?

10. Energy Transduction What is the function of the various photosynthetic pigments? Where are these pigments located?

11. Energy Transduction What are some of the important aspects about the structure of chlorophyll?

12. Energy Transduction How many different forms of chlorophyll exist and where are they found? What are the accessory pigments?

13. Energy Transduction How are photosystems organized? What is the difference between a light harvesting complex and a photosystem?

14. Energy Transduction What led Emerson to propose that two separate photoreactions are involved in the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis?

15. Energy Transduction How do the two photosystems work together to carry out the light dependent reactions?

16. Energy Transduction - PSII How does the energy reaching the reaction center of PSII affect the chlorophyll a molecules?

17. Energy Transduction – PSI What is the role of PSI?

18. Energy Transduction How is ATP formed in the chloroplast?

19. Energy Transduction

20. What is cyclic photophosphorylation?

21. Energy Transduction How are photosynthetic complexes distributed in thylakoid membrane?

22. The Calvin Cycle

23. What facilitates the initial fixation of carbon dioxide? What is the product immediately formed?

24. The Calvin Cycle How are the NADPH and ATP used in this cycle? How is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regenerated to continue the cycle?

25. The Calvin Cycle How is this cycle regulated?

26. Carbohydrate Synthesis Why is very little glucose produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

27. Photorespiration What is photorespiration? What can the plant do with phosphoglycolate?

28. Photorespiration How else do plants minimize photorespiration?

29. C 3 and C 4 Plant Anatomy How are these plants different structurally?