2. ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

3. ATP Made up of: Adenine 5-carbon sugar called ribose
Three phosphate groups (The key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.)

4. ATP vs. ADP Adenosine Diphosphate – ATP minus one phosphate group
ATP – contains three phosphate groups (tri = three)
ADP – contains two phosphate groups (di = two)

5. Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate

6. ATP and Energy
ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
Energy is released when a phosphate is removed.

8. Where does the mass of a plant come from?

11. Photosynthesis **** Mention chemosynthesis somewhere bc its in AP bio
Autotrophic cells capture free energy through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
Photosynthesis traps free energy present in sunlight that, in turn, is used to produce
carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. Chemosynthesis captures energy present in inorganic
chemicals. Cellular respiration and fermentation harvest free energy from sugars to
produce free energy carriers, including ATP. The free energy available in sugars drives
metabolic pathways in cells. Photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent processes.

12. Heterotroph
Heterotroph - Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

13. Autotroph
Autotroph - Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

14. Which organisms go through Photosynthesis?
Some Protists
(ex. Algae)
Plants
Photosynthetic Bacteria
(ex. Cyanobacteria)

15. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis - Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

16. Photosynthesis Needed (Reactants): Given Off (Products): Light Water
Carbon dioxide
Given Off (Products):
Sugars
Oxygen

17. Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis also requires chlorophyll, a molecule located in chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll - Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

18. Chlorophyll
Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.
The plants' principal pigments are called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum therefore green light is reflected by leaves (this is why plants look green).

21. Chloroplast Vocabulary
Thylakoids - Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts. (where chlorophyll is found)
Stroma - Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

22. Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions
The Light-Independent Reactions (aka-Calvin Cycle)
These two chemical reactions work together!

23. Light-Dependent Reactions
Takes place within the thylakoid membranes
Requires light
Requires: Water, ADP, and NADP+
Produce: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

25. Electron Carriers within the Light Dependent reaction
Inside the thylakoid, electrons within the chlorophyll become “excited” (gain energy) from the sunlight. Now that they have all this energy they require a carrier molecule : NADP+.

26. NADP+
NADP+
As soon as this carrier molecule NADP+ accepts the energy (from the electrons) it converts the NADP+ into NADPH.
This transfer of electrons and energy is called the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

27. Light Dependent Reactions
The sunlight breaks each water molecule into :
electrons
H+ ions (released into thylakoid membrane)
Oxygen atoms (released into the air)

28. Light Dependent Reactions
As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane.
Inside of the membrane fills up with positively charged hydrogen ions.
Outside of thylakoid membrane becomes negatively charged.
The difference in charges across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP. The H+ ions are important!
Don’t teach just FYI

29. Light Dependent Reactions
ATP Synthase - Large protein/enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.
Spans the thylakoid membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it.
Overall: Produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

31. The Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Takes place in the stroma
Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.

32. Calvin Cycle
Uses six molecules of carbon dioxide to produce one single glucose molecule.
Energy for this conversion comes from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH.

35. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Water
A shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis.
Temperature
Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best between 0°C and 35°C.
Intensity of Light
Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis...but a plant will reach a maximum rate.