1. 4A2
Structure and Function of subcellular components, with their interactions, provide essential cellular processes

2. Table pg. 78 Cell part Structure Description Function
Letter and/or Number on Diagram
Table pg. 78

5. Small, universal structures comprised of two interacting parts:
ribosomal RNA and protein
In a sequential manner, these cellular components interact to become the site of protein synthesis
the translation of the genetic instructions yields specific polypeptides
Ribosomes

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Occurs in two forms: smooth and rough.
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.
2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

7. Golgi Complex (Body/Apparatus)
The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae).
1. Functions of the Golgi include
synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles)
production of lysosomes.
Golgi Complex (Body/Apparatus)

8. Fig pg 71

9. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation.
1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function.
2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae.
3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production.
Mitochondria

10. Fig. 4.16

11. Vocabulary terms Compartmentalization Cristae
forming regions within the cell or organelle that performs a specific process
Cristae
numerous folded extensions of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Vocabulary terms

12. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes
important in intracellular digestion
the recycling of a cell’s organic materials
programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of ways.
Lysosomes

13. Vacuoles A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac
plays roles in intracellular digestion
release of cellular waste products
In plants, a large vacuole serves many functions
storage of pigments or poisonous substances
cell growth
A large central vacuole allows for a large surface area to volume ratio.
Vacuoles

14. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in algae and higher plants that capture energy through photosynthesis
1. The structure and function relationship in the chloroplast allows cells to
capture the energy available in sunlight
convert it to chemical bond energy via photosynthesis
Chloroplasts

15. 2. Chloroplasts contain chlorophylls
Chloroplasts are responsible for
the green color of a plant
are the key light-trapping molecules in photosynthesis.
There are several types of chlorophyll, but the predominant form in plants is chlorophyll a.
Chloroplasts

16. 3. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane that creates a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function
Within the chloroplasts are membrane-bound structures called thylakoids
Energy capturing reactions housed in the thylakoids are organized in stacks, called “grana,” to produce ATP and NADPH2, which fuel carbon-fixing reactions in the Calvin- Benson cycle
Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma, where molecules of CO2 are converted to carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts

17. Fig. 4.17

18. Vocabulary

19. Photosynthetic pigments – proteins found in plants, cyanobacteria, and algae which allow energy from the sun to be absorbed for the process of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll – greenish pigment used to capture the sun’s energy

20. Chlorophyll a – the molecule which makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars. All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which photosynthesize contain chlorophyll "a".
Chlorophyll b – occurs only in "green algae" and in plants
Chlorophyll c – found only in the photosynthetic members of the Chromista (diatoms, kelp, downy mildew) as well as the dinoflagellates (plant-like or Heterotrophic Protista)

21. Carotenoids – red, orange, or yellow pigments, and include the familiar compound carotene, which gives carrots their color.
Carotenoids cannot transfer sunlight energy directly to the photosynthetic pathway, but must pass their absorbed energy to chlorophyll. For this reason, they are called accessory pigments.

22. Thylakoids - in chloroplasts, a complex, organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, contain the photosystems involved in light- dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Grana – a stack of thylakoids
Stroma – semi-liquid substance found in chloroplasts that surrounds thylakoids and contain enzymes needed to assemble organic molecules from CO2