1. Photosynthesis

2. Energy and Life
Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
Autotrophs: organisms such as plants, which make their own food
Heterotrophs: obtain energy from the foods they consume
All living organisms must be able to produce energy from the environment in which they live, store energy for future use, and use energy in a controlled manner.

3. Autotrophs

4. Heterotrophs

5. Chemical Energy and ATP
A quick source of energy that is stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule that can be used quickly and easily by the cell is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is an energy molecule
The energy of ATP becomes available when the molecule is broken down.
The addition and release of a phosphate group on adenosine diphosphate creates a cycle of ATP formation and breakdown. This means the cell doesn’t have to store all the ATP it needs.

6. ATP Continued
Cells use this energy to make new cells, maintain homeostasis, and to power functions (like movement).
The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all plant cells.

7. ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups

8. Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

9. Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

10. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: Plants use energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches) and give off oxygen as a waste product.
Photosynthesis happens in 2 phases: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts.

11. Photosynthesis Equation

12. Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Sugars + O2

13. Light and Pigments
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments. The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll.
2 types of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum. However, chlorophyll does not absorb light very well in the green region of the spectrum. Green is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green.

14. Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R

15. The Reactions of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts
The Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids, which are arranged in stacks known as grana. The space outside of the grana is called the stroma.
Proteins in the thylakoids membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems, which are the light collecting units of chloroplasts.

16. Chloroplasts

17. Light Dependent Reactions
Light-dependent reaction: uses light energy to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy carriers ATP and NADPH
The light dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes (granum) of chloroplasts.

18. Light-Dependent Reactions
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Photosystem II
Chloroplast
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

19. Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle: uses the energy carriers ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. (Calvin cycle is also called the light independent reaction)
Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma, outside the grana.

20. Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds

21. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Water, light, and temperature all affect photosynthesis

22. Photosynthesis Concept Map
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

23. Photosynthesis: An Overview
Light and Water O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH