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Energy for Living Systems
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Energy Ability to do work Types of energy Potential Energy
Energy of position For living organisms, potential energy is stored in chemical bonds Kinetic Energy Energy of motion Breaking of chemical bonds in various life processes. Activation Energy Energy necessary to trigger a chemical reaction Lighted match held to a piece of paper
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Energy All living things require energy.
Necessary for carrying out all life processes - building, repairing, growing, and reproducing. Energy comes from food (glucose) Energy is stored in glucose bonds - potential energy No organism can make energy - comes from the sun. Law of Conservation of Energy - Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can only be changed from one form to another.
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Energy Organisms divided into 2 groups according to the way they get their food. Autotrophs – organisms that can combine inorganic molecules into organic molecules for use as food; make their own food Heterotrophs - organisms that don't make their own food but depend directly on other organisms for food.
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Energy Energy is not recycled, matter is recycled
Energy available for use decreases with each transformation Some of the energy used to break bonds and some is lost as heat. New energy must be constantly supplied - must come from sunlight. Materials used in producing new molecules can be reused.
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Energy Energy processes of living organisms Photosynthesis
Process in which carbon dioxide and water is used to form glucose. Requires light energy from the sun. Takes place in the presence of chlorophyll. Respiration Process in which glucose molecule is broken down and chemical energy it contains is released. Carbon dioxide and water released. Performed by all cells - releases energy of food
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Adenosine Triphosphate
Usable energy from by one reaction may be stored by another molecule and used in a later reaction. Many times the storage molecule for the released energy is ATP.
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Adenosine Triphosphate
Composed of 3 parts Adenine - a nitrogen base Ribose - a 5-carbon sugar Three (3) phosphate groups Adenine joins with ribose to form adenosine Phosphate groups attach in sequence to adenosine Adenosine monophosphate - AMP - 1 phosphate group Adenosine diphosphate - ADP - 2 phosphate groups Adenosine triphosphate - ATP - 3 phosphate groups
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Adenosine Triphosphate
High energy bonds form between the phosphate groups - indicated by a wavy line (~) Requires a great deal of energy to form bond. Energy is released when bond is broken. ATP - A - P ~ P ~ P ADP - A - P ~ P
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Adenosine Triphosphate
Normally reaction is cyclic - moves between ADP and ATP Controls the cell's production through cycle of energy storage and release. ADP + P + energy ---> ATP - energy is stored ATP ---> ADP + P + energy - energy is released Normally cell does not use ADP as energy source; ADP not converted to AMP
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Photosynthesis Process by which green plants convert the sun's light energy into chemical energy stored as food in the form of glucose. Photo - means "light" Synthesis - means "to build a complex substance from simple substances"
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Photosynthesis Raw materials - the reactants of the reaction
Carbon dioxide - CO2 Water - H2O Light energy
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Photosynthesis Products Glucose - C6H12O6 Oxygen - O2 Water - H2O
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Photosynthesis Chlorophyll is necessary
Acts as a catalyst - causes the reaction to move forward. Pigment in green plants that gives them their color Primary light absorbing pigment of green plants.
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Photosynthesis Represented by the following reaction: chlorophyll 6 CO H2O + light > C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
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Photosynthesis Process is series of reactions that change reactants to the products - divided into 2 main reactions Light Reactions - require light energy Dark Reactions - Do not require light energy
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Light Sunlight is white light; mixture of different wavelengths of light Each wavelength of light has a characteristic color - Colors that make up white light can be separated by prism to produce the visible part of the spectrum - ROYGBIV – Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet Shorter the wavelength of light, the more energy it has Blue – shorter wavelengths; more energy Red – longer wavelengths; less energy
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Light
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Light Objects appear to be a certain color because they transmit or reflect light of that color. Colors absorbed by an object are not seen Color of object is the wavelength of light that is reflected or transmitted by the object. Plants appear green because they reflect green light and absorb other colors of light.
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Light Absorption by Green Plants
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Plant Pigments Primary pigment in plants that absorbs light energy is chlorophyll Green in color - reflects green wavelengths Absorbs mainly red and blue wavelengths of light Act as catalysts to speed the reaction of photosynthesis. Types Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Bacteriochlorophyll
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Plant Pigments Accessory Pigments - may be used to transfer some energy to chlorophyll Types Carotenoids - yellow, brown and orange pigments of plants Carotene Xanthophyll Phycobilins - accessory pigments of red algae and blue-green bacteria Not normally visible in tree leaves - masked by chlorophyll; appear when chlorophyll production ceases
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Chloroplasts Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Contain the Chlorophyll pigment. Structure Grana - tiny stacked structures in the chloroplasts Contains the chlorophyll Also contains the accessory pigments. Site of light reactions Stroma - protein-rich solution around the grana Site of dark reaction
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Chloroplasts
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Light Reactions Chlorophyll traps the light energy
Causes chlorophyll molecules to become energized; electrons released from molecule Two different photosystems active in photosynthesis Photosystem I Photosystem II Water molecules are split and oxygen is released. Energy is stored in ATP and NADPH2 (electron acceptor) Both used in the Dark Reactions Supply the energy for the Dark Reactions
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Light Reactions
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Dark Reactions Light is not required; energy comes from ATP and NADPH2; Called the Calvin cycle Carbon dioxide bonds to 5-carbon sugar called ribulose diphosphate, RuDP - forms unstable 6-carbon compound 6-carbon compound immediately breaks down into two 3-carbon molecule of phosphoglyceric acid, PGA. Each PGA reacts with hydrogen atoms in NADPH2 to produce 3-carbon molecule of phosphoglyceraldehyde, PGAL, water reformed Two molecules of PGAL combine to produce glucose molecule. Some PGAL used to reform RuDP.
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Dark Reactions
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Respiration Process in which cells take energy, stored in chemical bonds of food and incorporates it into chemical bonds of ATP Occurs in the mitochondria Series of chemical reactions
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Respiration Reactants Glucose - C6H12O6 Oxygen - O2
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Respiration Products Carbon dioxide - CO2 Water - H2O
Carbon dioxide - CO2 Water - H2O ATP - adenosine triphosphate
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Respiration Overall equation of cellular respiration (aerobic) enzymes C6H12O6 + 6 O > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
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Respiration Types Anaerobic Respiration - doesn't require oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration - doesn't require oxygen Aerobic Respiration - requires oxygen
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Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis - Anaerobic Kreb’s (Citric Acid)Cycle - Aerobic Electron Transport Chain - Aerobic
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Glycolysis First stage of respiration; occurs outside the mitochondria
Does not require oxygen. Glucose breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid Requires 2 molecules of ATP to supply activation energy Produces 4 molecules of ATP; net gain of 2 ATP's Pyruvic acid can go in two directions - depends on of organism type and oxygen availability Aerobic respiration - oxygen required Anaerobic respiration - oxygen not needed
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Glycolysis
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Transition to Aerobic Respiration
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Aerobic Phases Divided into two major reactions
Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) Electron Transport Chain
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Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide forms 2-carbon molecule that enters cycle. Process takes place in the mitochondria Hydrogen atoms released during the cycle - will carry electrons to the next reactions 2 molecules of ATP are produced
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Electron Transport Chain
Involves a series of electron acceptors Accepts electrons and H ions from NADH &FADH 24 hydrogen atoms produce 24 electrons and 24 hydrogen ions form 12 pairs of hydrogen ions and 12 pairs of electrons Near end of chain 12 molecules of hydrogen bond with 6 oxygen molecules to produce 12 molecules of water. 32 molecules of ATP produced
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Electron Transport Chain
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Summary of ATP Production In Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis ATP Citric Acid Cycle ATP Electron Transport 32 ATP Total ATP
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Anaerobic Repiration Occurs when cell obtains energy from breakdown of food molecules in the absence of oxygen Also known as Fermentation First step similar to aerobic respiration - glucose converted to pyruvic acid - glycolysis Types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol Most of the energy is still stored in the alcohol. Summary equation: enzymes C6H12O > 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP Industries that depend on alcoholic fermentation Baking - carbon dioxide; makes bread rise. Brewing - ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in muscle tissue especially during heavy exercise Blood can't bring oxygen fast enough; lactic acid builds up causing soreness (cramps); muscles go into oxygen debt. Summary equation: enzymes C6H12O > 2 CH3CHOHCOOH + 2 ATP
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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