1. Metabolic Pathways Several steps Oxidations paired with reductions Specific enzymes for each step Multiple ways to “enter” or “exit” pathway Allows links to other pathways

2. Thermodynamics First law? –All about energy TRANFER, need to be able to trace where all the energy ends up –Usually a partial transfer –Combustion on a SLOW scale Energy coupling

3. Figure 6.9 Energy coupling by phosphate transfer

4. Basic Energy molecules ATP/GTP Electron Carriers – NADH, FADH 2, NADPH –Ways of moving energy around;

7. Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation

8. Oxidative phosphorylation Involves the oxidation of electron carriers, chemiosmosis and oxygen. We’ll elaborate more on this later.

9. Figure 9.2 A review of how ATP drives cellular work

10. Oxidation and Reduction Always Paired together What happens in a reduction reaction? What happens in an oxidation? What happens to the free energy of a molecule when it is reduced? VERY IMPORTANT!!!!

11. Figure 9.3 Methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction

14. We can summarize the two energy-coupling coenzymes as follows:coenzymes 1. ADP traps chemical energy to make ATP.energy 2. NAD + traps the energy released in redox reactions to make NADHenergyredox reactions Catabolism vs. Anabolism - What’s going on with the energy? - Which would be paired with ATP  ADP - Which might be paired with NAD+  NADH

15. BUT energy in NADH can not be used directly Oxidative Phosphorylation couples the oxidation of NADH (energy out) with the Phosphorylation of ADP (energy in) Requires Chemiosmosis – using potential energy in H+ gradient to drive ADP  ATP This process is essential to both photosynthesis AND aerobic cell respiration

16. Figure 9.1 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems

18. Aerobic Cell Respiration Complete oxidation of glucose –Glucose  CO2 endo or exo? –What are the reactions that break glucose down likely to be paired with? Reduction or oxidation of electron carriers? Phosphorylation or hydrolysis of ATP?

19. Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 3)

21. Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis

22. Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 2)

23. Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 4)

24. Know your enzymes Kinases –Linked with? Isomerases Dehydrogenases –Linked with?

25. Glycolysis Summary Started with? Ended with? Where is the bulk of the energy? Location? Aerobic?

26. Figure 9.10 Oxidation of Pyruvate ** remember we have TWO pyruvates per glucose, so everything from here on out is doubled!!**

27. Keep the tally going! What do we have now?

28. Krebs Cycle (a.k.a. citric acid cycle) - complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA’s carbons into CO2

29. Figure 9.12 So after Krebs what are we left with? Where is the energy? Can we use it all?

30. Electron carriers need to be oxidized NADH + H + + ½ O 2  NAD + + H 2 O Requires Electron Transport Chain (respiratory chain) –Electrons are passed from membrane bound protein to membrane bound protein in a series of oxidations –EXERGONIC! Energy released actively transports H + across membrane establishing a gradient

32. Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill

33. Final Tally What do we have now? Why is oxygen needed? What happens in absence of O2? Solution?

36. Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism

37. Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration

38. Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various food molecules

40. Figure 10.2 Focusing in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant

42. Figure 10.4 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Layer 3)

43. Figure 10.5 The electromagnetic spectrum

44. Figure 10.6 Why leaves are green: interaction of light with chloroplasts

45. Figure 10.7 Determining an absorption spectrum

46. Photons absorbed by molecules raise the molecule to an excited state.

47. Figure 10.8 Evidence that chloroplast pigments participate in photosynthesis: absorption and action spectra for photosynthesis in an alga

48. Figure 10.9 Location and structure of chlorophyll molecules in plants

49. Figure 10.10 Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light

50. Figure 10.11 How a photosystem harvests light

51. Figure 10.12 How noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (Layer 5)

52. Figure 10.13 A mechanical analogy for the light reactions

53. Figure 10.14 Cyclic electron flow

54. Figure 10.15 Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts

55. Figure 10.16 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane

56. Figure 10.17 The Calvin cycle (Layer 3)

57. Figure 10.19 C 4 and CAM photosynthesis compared

58. Figure 10.18 C 4 leaf anatomy and the C 4 pathway

60. Figure 10.20 A review of photosynthesis