1. Chapter 10 notes
Photosynthesis

2. Photosynthesis In Nature
All life acquires organic compounds for energy and carbon skeletons by one of two ways
- Autotrophs: (autos = self, trophos = feed)
- they sustain themselves w/out eating other organisms

3. Photosynthesis In Nature
- plants are photoautotrophs because they use light as a source of energy
- Heterotrophs: (hetero = other, different)
- live on compounds produced by other organisms
Heterotrophs are dependent on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen

4. Photosynthesis In Nature
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants
All green parts of plants have chloroplasts
- color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment in the chloroplasts
- chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll, interior tissue of the leaf

6. Photosynthesis In Nature
- CO2 enters/O2 leaves the leaf through pores called stomata
- water is absorbed through the roots
6CO2+6H2O+lightC6H12O6+6O2

7. Pathways of Photosynthesis
The oxygen produced from photosynthesis comes from the spliting of water, not CO2
- use of oxygen-18 to trace pathway
Hydrogen is extracted from water to make sugar
- O2 is a waste product

8. Pathways of Photosynthesis

9. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is made of two processes, each containing several steps
1) Light reaction (AKA light harvesting reaction, light dependent reaction)
2) Calvin cycle (AKA dark reaction, carbon fixation reaction)

10. Pathways of Photosynthesis
The light rxn. converts solar energy to chemical energy; occurs in the thylokoid membrane
- light absorbed drives a transfer of e- and hydrogen to an acceptor, NADP+
- NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
- ATP is generated from ADP through photophosphorylation

11. Pathways of Photosynthesis
The Calvin cycle stores the chemical energy in the form of sugar; occurs in the stroma
- CO2 is incorporated w/ other molecules in the chloroplast through carbon fixation
- fixed carbon is reduced to carbohydrates

16. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Light is a form of energy known as electromagnetic energy; travels in waves
- wavelength is the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves
- electromagnetic spectrum: the entire range of radiation

17. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Visible light is the band that ranges from 380 to 750 nm in wavelength
- detected as colors by the human eye
The amount of energy is inversely related to the wavelength
- shorter the wavelength, greater the energy

19. Pathways of Photosynthesis
In the chloroplasts light is absorbed mainly by chlorophyll a.
- blue and red light is primarily absorbed
- green is the least absorbent color
Chlorophyll b absorbs light at slightly different wavelengths

20. Pathways of Photosynthesis

21. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts also contain accessory pigments, carotenoids
- may broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis
- act in photoprotection: they absorb excessive light that might damage chlorophyll

22. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reaction
Inside the thylakoid, chlorophyll is organized w/ proteins into photosystems
- light gathering “antenna complex”
Two types of photosystems
- PS II, PS I

23. Pathways of Photosynthesis
PS II = P680
- best at absorbing light w/ a wavelength of 680 nm
PS I = P700
- best at absorbing light w/ a wavelength of 700 nm

24. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Light drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH by energizing e- in the photosystems
Two possible routes for e- flow
- cyclic
- noncyclic

25. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Noncyclic electron flow:
- predominant route
1) P680 absorbs light, and splits a water molecule
2) e- absorb the energy and then cascade down an ETC from PS II to PS I
3) ATP is formed by noncyclic photophosphorylaton

26. Pathways of Photosynthesis
4) P700 absorbs more light to reenergize the e- so it can pass down another ETC
5) NADP+ is the final e- accepter as it is reduced to NADPH (through redox rxns.)

27. Pathways of Photosynthesis

28. Pathways of Photosynthesis

29. Pathways of Photosynthesis

30. Pathways of Photosynthesis

31. Pathways of Photosynthesis

32. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Cyclic electron flow:
- uses PS I, but not PS II
- makes ATP, but not NADPH or oxygen
- cyclic photophosphorylation
- because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH, cyclic e- flow makes up the difference

33. Pathways of Photosynthesis

34. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both generate ATP through chemiosmosis
- both ETC’s pump protons across the membrane during the redox rxns. (transforms redox energy into proton motive force)
- both use ATP synthase to couple diffusion to phosphorylation

35. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylaton
- in mitochondria, high energy e- are from food
- in chlorplasts, photosystems capture light energy to drive e- transfer

36. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Difference in the spatial organization
- mitochondria: the inner membrane pumps protons from the matrix to the innermembrane space
- chloroplasts: thylakoid pumps protons to the thylakoid space from the stroma

37. Pathways of Photosynthesis

38. Pathways of Photosynthesis

39. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
- uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into sugar (does not make glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called G3P)
- 3 steps to the Calvin cycle

40. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Step 1: Carbon fixation
- CO2 is attached to RuBP (rxn. is catalyzed by rubisco)
- a 6-carbon intermediate is created  splits into 2 3-carbon molecules
Step 2: Reduction
- ATP and NADPH are used to transform the molecule into G3P

41. Pathways of Photosynthesis
- for every three molecules of CO2, there are 6 molecules of G3P; only 1 is a net gain
Step 3: Regeneration of RuBP
- the remaining 5 molecule of G3P are reconverted back into RuBP to continue the Calvin cycle

42. Pathways of Photosynthesis
In hot, dry environments, plants have adapted to maximize photosynthesis, while limiting water loss (transpiration)
Most plants will close the stomata to prevent water loss, but this limits CO2 intake

43. Pathways of Photosynthesis

44. Pathways of Photosynthesis
In most plants, carbon fixation leads to a 3-carbon compound; these plants are called C3 plants
- ex. rice, wheat, soy
- in hot weather, the stomata close which deprives the plant of CO2; rubisco can accept O2 instead of CO2

45. Pathways of Photosynthesis
- when oxygen binds to rubisco, photorespiration occurs, not photosynthesis
- process break the resulting compound down into CO2
- photorespiration does not make ATP (like cellular respiration) nor food (like photosynthesis)

46. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Plants have adapted by developing C4 photosynthesis and CAM
C4 plants preface the Calvin cycle w/ an alternate mode of carbon fixation
- ex. Sugarcane, corn, grasses
- form a 4-carbon compound as its first product

47. Pathways of Photosynthesis
In C4 plants there are 2 types of photosynthetic cells
- Bundle-sheath cells are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins; mesophyll cells are more loosely arranged

48. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Step 1: In the mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate); has a high affinity for CO2; forms the 4-carbon product
Step 2: 4-carbon compounds move from mesophyll cells to the bundle-sheath

49. Pathways of Photosynthesis
Step 3: Within the bundle-sheath, the 4-carbon compound releases CO2 which then is combined via rubisco
The mesophyll cells pump CO2 into the bundle-sheath so the [CO2] is high enough for rubisco to accept CO2 and not oxygen

50. Pathways of Photosynthesis

51. Pathways of Photosynthesis
CAM plants open their stomata at night, but keep them closed during the day
- found in succulent plants
- at night the CO2 is incorporated into other organic acids; this mode of carbon fixation is called crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

52. Pathways of Photosynthesis
The mesophyll cells of CAM plants store the acids in their vacuoles until they are needed the following day
C4 and cam are similar in that CO2 is first incorporated into an intermediate before entering the Calvin cycle
However, C4 plants have a spatial separation of steps, while CAM is temporal

53. Pathways of Photosynthesis