1. Time Value of Money Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
MBA 220

2. Which would you Choose?
On December 31, 2003 Norman and DeAnna Shue of Columbia, South Carolina had reason to celebrate the coming new year after winning the Powerball Lottery. They had 2 options.
$110 Million
Paid in 30 yearly
payments of
$3,666,666
$60 Million

3. Time Value of Money
A dollar received (or paid) today is not worth the same amount as a dollar to be received (or paid) in the future WHY?
You can receive interest on the current dollar

4. How much will you have in one year?
A Simple Example
You deposit $100 today in an account that earns 5% interest annually for one year.
How much will you have in one year?
Value in one year = Current value + interest earned
= $ (.05)
= $100(1+.05) = $105
The $105 next year has a present value of $100 or
The $100 today has a future value of $105

5. Using a Time Line An easy way to represent this is on a time line
Time year 5%
$100 $105
Beginning of
First Year
End of First year

6. What would the $100 be worth in 2 years?
You would receive interest on the interest you received in the first year (the interest compounds)
Value in 2 years = Value in 1 year + interest
= $ (.05)= $105(1+.05) = $110.25
Or substituting $100(1+.05) for $105
= [$100(1+.05)](1+.05)
= $100(1+.05)2 =$110.25

7. On the time line Time 0 1 2 Cash -$100 $105 110.25 Flow Beginning
of year 1
End of Year 1
Beginning of
Year 2
End of Year 2

8. Generalizing the Formula
= (100)(1+.05)2
This can be written more generally:
Let t = The number of periods = 2
r = The interest rate per period =.05
PV = The Present Value = $100
FV = The Future Value = $110.25
FV = PV(1+r)t
($110.25) = ($100)( )2
This works for any combination of t, r, and PV

9. Future Value Interest Factor
FV = PV(1+r)t (1+r)t is called the
Future Value Interest Factor (FVIFr,t)
FVIF’s can be found in tables or calculated
Interest Rate
Periods 1 2 3
1.1025
OR (1+.05)2 =
Either way original equation can be rewritten:
FV = PV(1+r)t = PV(FVIFr,t)

10. Calculation Methods FV = PV(1+r)t
Tables using the Future Value Interest Factor (FVIF)
Regular Calculator
Financial Calculator
Spreadsheet

11. Plugging it into our equation
Using the tables
FVIF5%,2 =
Plugging it into our equation
FV = PV(FVIFr,t)
FV = $100(1.1025) = $110.25

12. Using a Regular Calculator
Calculate the FVIF using the yx key
(1+.05)2=1.1025
Proceed as Before
Plugging it into our equation
FV = PV(FVIFrr,t)
FV = $100(1.1025) = $110.25

13. Financial Calculator Financial Calculators have 5 TVM keys
N = Number of Periods = 2
I = interest rate per period =5
PV = Present Value = $100
PMT = Payment per period = 0
FV = Future Value =?
After entering the portions of the problem that you know, the calculator will provide the answer

14. Financial Calculator Example
On an HP-10B calculator you would enter:
2 N 5 I PV 0 PMT FV
and the screen shows

15. Spreadsheet Example Excel has a FV command =FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
=110.25
note: Type refers to whether the payment is at the beginning (type =1) or end (type=0) of the year

16. FV = PV(1+r)t = PV(FVIFr,t)
Practice Problem
If you deposit $3,000 today into a CD that pays 4% annually for a period of five years, what will it be worth at the end of the five years?
FV = PV(1+r)t = PV(FVIFr,t)
FVIF0.4,5 = (1+0.04)5 =
FV = $3,000(1+.04)5=$3,000( )
FV = $3,

17. Calculating Present Value
We just showed that FV=PV(1+r)t
This can be rearranged to find PV given FV, i and n.
Divide both sides by (1+r)t
which leaves PV = FV/(1+r)t

18. Example
If you wanted to have $ at the end of two years and could earn 5% interest on any deposits, how much would you need to deposit today?
PV = FV/(1+r)t
PV = $110.25/(1+0.05)2 = $100.00

19. Present Value Interest Factor
PV = FV/(1+r)t /(1+r)t is called the
Present Value Interest Factor (PVIFr,t)
PVIF’s can be found in tables or calculated
Interest Rate
Periods 0 1 2 3
OR 1/(1+.05)2 =
Either way original equation can be rewritten:
PV = FV/(1+r)t = FV(PVIFr,t)

20. Calculating PV of a Single Sum
Tables - Look up the PVIF
PVIF5%,2 = PV = (0.9070) =100.00
Regular calculator -Calculate PVIF
PVIF =1/ (1+r)t PV = (0.9070) =
Financial Calculator
2 N I FV 0 PMT PV =
Spreadsheet
Excel command =PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
Excel command =PV(.05,2,0,110.25,0)=100.00

21. How much would you need in the bank today if you were 25?
Example
Assume you want to have $1,000,000 saved for retirement when you are 65 and you believe that you can earn 10% each year.
How much would you need in the bank today if you were 25?
PV = 1,000,000/(1+.10)40=$22,094.93

22. What if you are currently 35? Or 45?
If you are 35 you would need
PV = $1,000,000/(1+.10)30 = $57,308.55
If you are 45 you would need
PV = $1,000,000/(1+.10)20 = $148,643.63
This process is called discounting (it is the opposite of compounding)

23. Annuities
Annuity: A series of equal payments made over a fixed amount of time. An ordinary annuity makes a payment at the end of each period.
Example A 4 year annuity that makes $100 payments at the end of each year.
Time
CF’s

24. Future Value of an Annuity
The FV of the annuity is the sum of the FV of each of its payments. Assume 6% a year
Time
FV of CF
100(1+.06)0=100.00
100(1+.06)1=106.00
100(1+.06)2=112.36
100(1+.06)3=119.10
FV =

25. FV of An Annuity This could also be written
or for any n, r, payment, and t

26. FVIF of an Annuity (FVIFAr,t)
Just like for the FV of a single sum there is a future value interest factor of an annuity
This is the FVIFAr,t
FVannuity=PMT(FVIFAr,t)

27. Calculation Methods Tables - Look up the FVIFA
FVIFA6%,4 = FV = 100( ) =
Regular calculator -Approximate FVIFA
FVIFA = [(1+r)t-1]/r FV = 100( ) =
Financial Calculator
4 N I 0 PV PMT FV =
Spreadsheet
Excel command =FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
Excel command =FV(.06,4,100,0,0)=

28. Practice Problem
Your employer has agreed to make yearly contributions of $2,000 to your Roth IRA. Assuming that you have 30 years until you retire, and that your IRA will earn 8% each year, how much will you have in the account when you retire?

29. Present Value of an Annuity
The PV of the annuity is the sum of the PV of each of its payments
Time
100/(1+.06)1=
100/(1+.06)2=
100/(1+.06)3=
100/(1+.06)4=
PV =

30. PV of An Annuity This could also be written
or for any r, payment, and t

31. PVIF of an Annuity PVIFAr,t
Just like for the PV of a single sum there is a future value interest factor of an annuity
This is the PVIFAr,t
PVannuity=PMT(PVIFAr,t)

32. Calculation Methods Tables - Look up the PVIFA
PVIFA6%,4 = FV = 100( ) =
Regular calculator -Approximate FVIFA
PVIFA = [(1/r)-1/r(1+r)t] FV = 100( ) =
Financial Calculator
4 N 6 I 0 FV PMT PV =
Spreadsheet
Excel command =PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
Excel command =PV(.06,4,100,0,0)=

33. Annuity Due
The payment comes at the beginning of the period instead of the end of the period.
Time
CF’s Annuity
CF’s Annuity Due
How does this change the calculation methods?

34. So what about the Shue Family?
The PV of the 30 equal payments of $3,666,666 is simply the summation of the PV of each payment. This is called an annuity due since the first payment comes today.
Lets assume their local banker tells them they can earn 3% interest each year on a savings account. Using that as the interest rate what is the PV of the 30 payments?

35. Present Value of an Annuity Due
The PV of the annuity due is the sum of the PV of each of its payments
Time
3.6M M M M M
3.6M/(1+.03)0=3.6M
3.6M/(1+.03)1=3.559M
3.6M/(1+.03)2=3.456M
3.6M/(1+.03)3=3.355M
3.6M/(1+.03)29=1.555M
PV =$ 74,024,333

36. Wrong Choice?
It would cost $74,024,333 to generate the same annuity payments each year, the Shue’s took the $60 Million instead of the 30 payments, did they made a mistake?
Not necessarily, it depends upon the interest rate used to find the PV.
The rate should be based upon the risk associated with the investment. What if we used 6% instead?

37. Present Value of an Annuity Due
Time
3.6M M M M M
3.6M/(1+.06)0=3.6M
3.6M/(1+.06)1=3.459M
3.6M/(1+.06)2=3.263M
3.6M/(1+.06)3=3.078M
3.6M/(1+.06)29=676,708
PV =$ 53,499,310

38. What is the right rate?
The Lottery invests the cash payout (the amount of cash they actually have) in US Treasury securities to generate the annuity since they are assumed to be free of default.
In this case a rate of 4.87% would make the present value of the securities equal to $60 Million (20 year Treasury bonds currently yield 5.02%)

39. Intuition
Over the last 50 years the S&P 500 stock index as averaged over 9% each year, the PV of the 30 payments at 9% is $41,060,370
If you can guarantee a 9% return you could buy an annuity that made 30 equal payments of $3.6Million for $41,060,370 and used the rest of the $60 million for something else….

40. FV an PV of Annuity Due
FVAnnuity Due There is one more period of compounding for each payment, Therefore:
FVAnnuity Due = FVAnnuity(1+r)
PVAnnuity Due There is one less period of discounting for each payment, Therefore
PVAnnuity Due = PVAnnuity(1+r)

41. Uneven Cash Flow Streams
What if you receive a stream of payments that are not constant? For example:
Time
FV of CF
200(1+.06)0=200.00
200(1+.06)1=212.00
100(1+.06)2=112.36
100(1+.06)3=119.10
FV =

42. FV of An Uneven CF Stream
The FV is calculated the same way as we did for an annuity, however we cannot factor out the payment since it differs for each period.

43. PV of an Uneven CF Streams
Similar to the FV of a series of uneven cash flows, the PV is the sum of the PV of each cash flow. Again this is the same as the first step in calculating the PV of an annuity the final formula is therefore:

44. Quick Review FV of a Single Sum FV = PV(1+r)t
PV of a Single Sum PV = FV/(1+r)t
FV and PV of annuities and uneven cash flows are just repeated applications of the above two equations

45. Perpetuity
Cash flows continue forever instead of over a finite period of time.

46. Growing Perpetuity
What if the cash flows are not constant, but instead grow at a constant rate?
The PV would first apply the PV of an uneven cash flow stream:

47. Growing Perpetuity
However, in this case the cash flows grow at a constant rate which implies
CF1 = CF0(1+g)
CF2 = CF1(1+g) = [CF0(1+g)](1+g)
CF3 =CF2(1+g) = CF0(1+g)3
CFt = CF0(1+g)t

48. Growing Perpetuity
The PV is then Given as:

49. Semiannual Compounding
Often interest compounds at a different rate than the periodic rate.
For example:
6% yearly compounded semiannual
This implies that you receive 3% interest each six months
This increases the FV compared to just 6% yearly

50. Semiannual Compounding An Example
You deposit $100 in an account that pays a 6% annual rate (the periodic rate) and interest compounds semiannually
Time 0 1/ % 3%
FV=100(1+.03)(1+.03)=100(1.03)2=106.09

51. Effective Annual Rate
The effective Annual Rate is the annual rate that would provide the same annual return as the more often compounding
EAR = (1+inom/m)m-1
m= # of times compounding per period
Our example
EAR = (1+.06/2)2-1= =.0609