2.  Vertical layering – usually of plants.

3.  Best seen in a forest 

4.  Vertical layering – usually of plants.  Best seen in a forest  Animals can also form vertical layers in the soil, and in lakes/sea  Dragonfish The deep sea dragonfish is a ferocious predator in spite opf its small size. The dragonfish has a long barbel attached to its chin. This barbel is tipped with a light- producing organ known as a photophore. These fishes are sexually dimorphic (the males and females look different). Dragonfishes live in deep ocean waters at depths of up to 1500 m (5000 feet).

5.  Vertical layering – usually of plants.  Best seen in a forest  Animals can also form vertical layers in the soil, and in lakes/sea  In tropical forests, the animals form verticals layers through things like – monkeys staying in the canopy without ever going onto the ground.

6.  Vertical layering – usually of plants.  Best seen in a forest  Animals can also form vertical layers in the soil, and in lakes/sea  In tropical forests, the animals form verticals layers through things like – monkeys staying in the canopy without ever going onto the ground.  General layers in a NZ forest:

7.  Vertical layering – usually of plants.  Best seen in a forest  Animals can also form vertical layers in the soil, and in lakes/sea  In tropical forests, the animals form verticals layers through things like – monkeys staying in the canopy without ever going onto the ground.  General layers in a NZ forest: 1. Canopy 2. Sub-canopy 3. Tree fern layer 4. Shrub layer 5. Forest floor layer 6. Litter layer

8.  Fill in the layers of stratification

9. 1. Litter layer 2. Topsoil layer 3. Sub-soil layer 4. Soil parent material

10.  Dominant plants in canopy – filter sunlight, cut down the wind, drop the temperature, and increase humidity.  There a different micro-climates which form at each level.

11.  Dominant plants in canopy – filter sunlight, cut down the wind, drop the temperature, and increase humidity.  There a different micro-climates which form at each level.  EG. Beech forests – uncomplete canopies. Can be uneven, with sub-canopy filling space

12.  Dominant plants in canopy – filter sunlight, cut down the wind, drop the temperature, and increase humidity.  There a different micro-climates which form at each level.  EG. Beech forests – uncomplete canopies. Can be uneven, with sub-canopy filling space  EG. In soil – leaf-litter animals are dark coloured and active.

13.  Dominant plants in canopy – filter sunlight, cut down the wind, drop the temperature, and increase humidity.  There a different micro-climates which form at each level.  EG. Beech forests – uncomplete canopies. Can be uneven, with sub-canopy filling space  EG. In soil – leaf-litter animals are dark coloured and active.  EG. Topsoil, animals aren’t so dark and are slower-moving, while sub-soil animals are usually large, sluggish (pun!) and pale.

14.  Bands of organisms may form in relation to a gradient in a major environmental factor = zonation.

15.  As you move down a particular environment, vegetation and animals may change slowly/rapidly.

16.  Bands of organisms may form in relation to a gradient in a major environmental factor = zonation.  As you move down a particular environment, vegetation and animals may change slowly/rapidly.  EG. Rocky shore = bands of organisms form due to exposure to the air (at low tide)