1. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

2. Bond Polarity So far we have assumed that when atoms share a pair of electrons they share the electrons equally. However, different atoms have different attraction for the electrons to be shared, and so do not share equally.

3. Electronegativity Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a bond. What are the trends that we see for electronegativity in the periodic table? Comparisons between electronegativity values can be used to make generalizations about the type of bonding and types of atoms forming a bond.

4. Electronegativity Elements such as fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen have high electronegativities, whereas metals have low electronegativities. For atoms in a molecule to share the bonding electrons equally, the electronegativities must be identical. ▫This description is true for the diatomic molecules of an element such as N 2, O 2, Cl 2, H 2 and so on.

5. Electronegativity When the electronegativities are similar, the sharing of bonding electrons is approximately equal. ▫Such as carbon and hydrogen The greater the difference in the electronegativities of the atoms in a compound, the more uneven will be the sharing of electrons between them.

6. Electronegativity The extreme of unequal sharing is the formation of ions. When ions are formed, one ion loses its valence electrons completely and the other gains valence electrons. When the difference in electronegativities is great (approximately 1.8 and above), the compound is most likely to be ionic.

7. Electronegativity Similarly, the closer the electronegativity values of the two atoms the more likely they are to form a covalent compound by sharing electrons. The bonds formed between electronegativity differences of between 0.5 and 1.8 are more likely to be polar covalent, while those with an electronegativity difference of zero will form pure covalent bonds.

8. Electronegativity Most bonds are somewhere along a bonding type continuum. For this reason electronegativity values are only used as a general guide for identifying bonding type.

9. Electronegativities of Selected Elements

10. Sample Problem Use electronegativity values and the location of the element in the periodic table to identify the compound made by each pair of elements as either covalent or ionic. ▫Sodium and sulfur ▫Sulfur and oxygen ▫Lead and oxygen

11. Sample Problem Element Pair ENDifference in EN ClassificationBonding Sodium and sulfur 0.91.6MetalIonic 2.5Non-metal Sulfur and oxygen 2.51.0Non-metalCovalent 3.5Non-metal Lead and oxygen 1.81.7MetalIonic 3.5Non-metal

12. Bond Polarity If the electrons are shared unevenly in a covalent bond, the bond is said to be a polar covalent bond, or a permanent dipole. Such a bond can be identified using the symbol δ (delta). In particular δ- and δ+ are used to indicate a slight negative and a slight positive charge respectively.

13. Bond Polarity If a polar covalent bond occurs in a diatomic molecule, one part of the molecule will be more negative than the other, due to having a larger share of the bonding electrons. ▫This is the case with molecules such as HCl and HBr. The molecule is then described as a polar molecule.

14. Bond Polarity When there is more than one polar covalent bond in a molecule, the shape of the molecule must be considered. It is possible to have molecules that contain polar bonds but overall are non- polar—the permanent dipoles cancel each other out.

15. Bond Polarity An example of such a molecule is methane. This molecule contains four polar C-H bonds, with carbon being slightly more electronegative than hydrogen. In three dimensions, the tetrahedral arrangement of the bonds in this molecule means that the slight positive charges of the hydrogen atoms are perfectly balanced out by each other and are cancelled out by the partial negative charge on the carbon atom.

16. Bond Polarity In fact, any molecule that is perfectly symmetrical will be non-polar overall.

17. Methane

18. Bond Polarity Chloromethane (CH 3 Cl) is a similar molecule to methane, but it is polar. Note that this molecule is not symmetrical in three dimensions and so the dipoles cannot cancel each other out. Chlorine (3.0) is more electronegative than either carbon (2.5) or hydrogen (2.1) and so draws the bonding electrons towards it.

19. Chloromethane

20. Carbon dioxide Another important example of a non-polar molecule that nevertheless contains polar bonds is carbon dioxide.

21. Practice Problems Identify which atom in each of the following bond pairs will carry a slight negative charge and which a slight positive charge. a)C-H b)B-O c)P-Cl d)S-H e)Si-O

22. Answers a)C slight negative charge, H slight positive charge b)O slight negative charge, B slight positive charge c)Cl slight negative charge, P slight positive charge d)S slight negative charge, H slight positive charge e)O slight negative charge, Si slight positive charge

23. Practice Problems Molecule Name Structural Formula Are bonds polar? Is the molecule symmetrical? Is the molecular polar overall? Oxygen (O 2 ) Dibromo- methane (CH 2 Br 2 ) Carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) Ammonia (NH 3 )

24. Answer