1. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Renewable Energy Resources: Regional Potential and Ecological Impact Assessment Bernhard Zimmer Bavarian Institute for Sustainable Development Hosemannstraße 28 83451 Piding, Germany Contact: zimmer@bifne.de

2. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Regional Potential water power for generation of electricity wind power for generation of electricity solar power for generation of heat and electricity (photovoltaics) biomass for for generation of heat and electricity biomass for biofuel and biogas production

3. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Utilization of solar power in Southern Germany

4. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Utilization of solar power in Southern Germany Districts of Traunstein and Berchtesgadener Land

5. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Strength of renewable energy resources peripheral, local sources local exploitation is possible regional and local value creation (economic potential) potential for small and medium-sized companies

6. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Weakness of renewable energy resources uneven sources (e.g. wind, solar power) renewable but not unlimited (e.g. biomasses) not without impacts on environment sometimes in competition to food production (e.g. cornbased biogas)

7. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Life Cycle Assessment, tool to estimate environmental impacts

8. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Impact Categories for Natural Resources and Land Use input related categories (resource depletion or competition)  abiotic resources (funds, flows)  biotic resources (funds e.g. biodiversity)  Land output related categories (pollution) global warming potential (GWP100) depletion of stratospheric ozone ecotoxicological impacts human toxicological impacts formation of photo-oxidants acidification eutrophication odour noise radiation casualties...

9. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 LCA of wood chips was part of the project: Supply of forest wood chips: economical and environmental assessment (LCA) of current supply chains (3 years; Budget: 500.000 €) Main task of the project was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current supply chains as well as assessing their economical and environmental impacts.

10. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Relationsship between heating values and water content water content [%] mass of combustible per kg ovendried mass lower heating value (H u ) upper heating value (H o ) amount of energy based on H u amount of energy based on H o

11. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Supply chain – modules of investigation (LCA) Forest management Chipping Transports Energy combustion Ash treatment ElectricityHeat different harvesting and hauling systems were investigated steady state chipping and mobil chipping on the forest roads transport by tractors and different trucks Storage of wood chips loss of mass and heating value eg. by fungi

12. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Harvesting traditional

13. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Harvesting and hauling - mechanized

14. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Feller-buncher-sytems - thinnings

15. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Bunching of forest residues

16. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Wood chips – forest chips

17. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Chipping

18. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Transport by tractor and agricultural systems

19. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Transport by trucks

20. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Transport by railway – long distance transports

21. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Transports: specific primary energy consumption distance [km] Energy consumption [kWh/MWh]

22. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Combined heat and power generation (up to 60 MW)

23. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Specific primary energy consumption

24. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Specific primary energy consumption

25. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 harvesting hauling chipping transports wood: energy storage softwood – water content x=50%) scenario: „private forest owners“ Primary energy consumption versus H u

26. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 harvesting hauling chipping transports wood: energy storage softwood – water content x=50%) scenario: „private forest owners“ scenario: „feller-buncher-system“ Primary energy consumption versus H u

27. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Energy balance of the supply chain

28. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 wood production through photosynthesis solar energy 19100 MJ water nutrients N, P, K, Mg, Ca water 541 kg oxygen 1392 kg wood atro (softwood) 1000 kg water 1082 kg carbon dioxide 1851 kg

29. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Global warming potencial – GWP 100

30. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Conclusions  Energy from wood chips is not only renewable and so called „CO 2 -neutral“.  Energy from wood has the additional benefit of the substitution of fossil fuels (e.g. heating-oil, natural gas) and therefore an „C-plus-effect“.  From worldwide point of view: as long as any energy is produced by fossil fuels this substitution effect can be considered.

31. © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Thank you for your attention P h o t o s : B. Z i m m e r