1. Global Threat Reduction Initiative Mobile Source Tracking Projects
Presented by:
Kurt Silvers,
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

2. Global Threat Reduction Initiative
Mission: Reduce and protect vulnerable nuclear and radiological material located at civilian sites worldwide
Goals:
Convert research reactors and isotope production facilities from HEU to LEU (permanent threat reduction)
Remove and dispose of excess nuclear and radiological materials (permanent threat reduction)
Protect high priority nuclear and radiological materials from theft and sabotage through a sustainable threat reduction model

3. Radioactive Materials of Concern and Common Uses
4/13/2017
Co-60 (5 year half life):
Teletherapy and Gamma Knife units (cancer treatment);
1,000 – 10,000 Ci,
and panoramic irradiation (sterilization);
100,000 – 10,000,000 Ci
Cs-137 (30 year half life):
Blood, research, and sterilization irradiators;
1,000 – 50,000 Ci
Am-241 (432 year half life): Oil well-logging;
8 – 20 Ci
Ir-192 (73 day half life):
Brachytherapy (cancer treatment) and radiography (industrial imaging);
10 – 150 Ci

4. Principles of GTRI Security Enhancements
Graded Approach
Layered, target-out application,
Tailored to response strategy,
Based on material attractiveness.
Alert and Notify Objective
Prompt detection,
Reliable notification,
Timely response initiation.
Insider Threat Mitigation
Critical alarms,
Continuously armed and supervised,
Received by multiple individuals/locations.

5. Fixed Source Security Strategy
Prompt Detection and Reliable Notification
Extended Adversary Task Time
Timely, Aware, Equipped, and Trained Response
DETECT
DELAY
RESPOND
CONTAINMENT STRATEGY

6. Mobile Source Operational Scenario
Insider
Insider
Procedural Incompliance
Insider
Theft
Risk
(Offsite storage and 3RD party transport heightened risk)
Insider
Procedural Incompliance
Insider
Loss

7. Mobile Source Security Challenges
Characteristics of Mobile Devices
Security Challenges
Devices are portable and move from storage facilities, to transport vehicles, to job sites
Transported and used across wide geographic areas
Used at job site for varying lengths of time
Used in harsh and sometimes remote locations
Relatively small devices/containers
Sources exposed instead of contained during operation
Security extends beyond storage location
Limited remote alarm notification and surveillance during transport and use
Reliance on manual procedures and operator communication during transport and use
Limited options for addressing “delay”
Response jurisdictions can be difficult to determine
Device location may be unfamiliar to responders
Enhanced Security Considerations
Tracking devices/containers and monitoring source presence
Alarm communication methods and reliability (cellular/satellite)
Power consumption (battery life)
Limited space for sensor and communication components

8. Well Logging and Radiography Industry Engagement
Oil-Field Service Industry Partnership
Jointly developed “Security and Control of High- Activity Well Logging Sources Guidelines”
Addressed security of well logging sources in storage, in transit and in use at drill sites
Industrial Radiography Security Initiative
Partnership between GTRI, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Non-Destructive Testing Management Association, and individual radiography licensees
Outreach venue to raise risk/threat awareness and to discuss approaches to training and security upgrades
Mobile Source Tracking
In 2012, GTRI met with representatives from each industry to discuss the status of their internal mobile source tracking efforts
Options for supporting these efforts were considered

9. GTRI Mobile Source Tracking Projects
In 2013, GTRI funded the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to work with well logging and radiography industry partners and other commercial product developers to design and develop an enhanced mobile radiation source tracking system for the well logging and radiography industries.
Improve
Security
Theft
Loss
Operations management
Inventory Status
Procedural Compliance
Develop
Mobile radioactive source tracking and reporting system
Design Considerations
Leverage available commercial off-the-shelf technologies where possible
Focus solution towards a low cost system with minimal maintenance and low operational impact
Design system to be technology transferred for commercial production and sale

10. Well Logging – Radioactive Source Tracking System
MCU
x 4
eTag
Base Station
Application Software
Handheld
eTag
Master Control Unit (MCU)
Telematics (Tele)
Local Control
User Interface
Active RF tag
Adhered to logging shields (2) and calibration shields (2)
Item Status
Source Information
Tamper Detection
System Controller
Source/Radiation Detection
Radiation Sensor
Source Information
eTag Presence
Tamper Detection
Alarms
Location (GPS)
Satellite Communications
User Interface
Alarms
Source Information
Location
Communication Links
PNNL
Web browser
Bluetooth
Satellite
MCU
data
BLE 4.0
eTag
Globalstar
Bluetooth BLE
PNNL
PNNL
Cloud
Tele
Tele
Base Station PC
MCU
MCU antenna wire
User
Application Software
User
! ! ! ALARM ! ! !
Mobile Alert
MCU wired to vehicle power
Development Teams
Calibration Source 1 &2
Cs137
PNNL
Tele
User
PC Display Representation
Am241Be
Telematics
Base Station Alert

11. Well Logging Land Based Source Usage: Overview
System Controls and Notifications
Approve Source Usage
Vault
Electronic inventory management
Source Checkout and Loading
Checkout
Default Run Mode Configuration
Authorized User System Configuration
System Validates Checkout and Load
MCU Monitoring
Presence of shield eTags
Radiation Detection
System Tamper
Geo-fence*
Alerts/Alarms
Messages sent to multiple users
In Transit
Offsite Storage
In Transit
Well
In Use
Down Well
In Use Alarms
Alarm will be generated after a pre-determined amount of time elapses and the source is not checked in. Procedural efforts have to be made to determine the frequency for which sources have to be checked in.
Source Checkout and Loading
Return to Vault
*Not currently in scope

12. Well Logging Tracking System Development Process Timeline
Title
Deliverables
Schedule
Phase I:
Preliminary Design and Engineering Units
Conceptual Design
Requirements Defined
Preliminary Design
Engineering Units
5/13
12/13
Phase II:
Critical Design and Prototype Units
Prototype Units
Prototype Pilot:
Detailed Design:
Device Verify and Validation:
Critical Design:
2-Sept-14
14-Oct-14
13-Nov-14
31-Dec-14
12/13
12/14
Phase III:
Technology Transfer, Manufacturing, and Deployment
Technology Transfer:
Low Rate Initial Production:
Manufacturing Approval:
12-Feb-15
26-Mar-15
23-Apr-15
12/14
4/15

13. Radiography – Radioactive Source Monitoring System Overview
Base Station
Application Software
Mobile
Status/Alarms
PM-Tag
PM-Box
Telematics (Tele)
Active RF tag integrated into handle
Source/Radiation Detection
Radiation Sensor
Source Information
Tamper Detection
Alarms
Storage and Communications Relay
Device Presence
Tamper Detection
Communication Links
PM-Tag Battery Charger
Location (GPS)
Cellular Communications
Optional Satellite
Communications
User Interface
Alarms
Source Information
Location
Communication Links
Tele protocol
Cellular
data
PNNL
Bluetooth BLE
PNNL
wired
Tele
Range: 300 ft
Cloud
Tele
Base Station PC
RF Antenna
User
Integrated into packaging
Cellular Antenna
ACUREN
Materials Engineering &
Nondestructive Testing
Wire to existing telematics
Application Software
User
! ! ! ALARM ! ! !
Wire to truck power
Mobile Alert
Development Teams
PNNL
Tele
User
Telematics
PC Display Representation
Base Station Alert

14. Radiography Source Usage: Overview
System Controls and Notifications
Approve Source Usage
Electronic inventory management
Vault
Source Checkout and Loading
Checkout
Default Run Mode Configuration
System Validates Checkout
PM-Tag Monitoring
Presence of source
Radiation Detection
System Tamper
Storage in PM-Box Detection
Alerts/Alarms
Messages sent to multiple users
In Transit
Offsite Storage
In Transit
In Use
Out of Range Alarms
Alarm would trigger after a determined amount of time has elapsed and the camera was not returned within range of the truck.
Out of Range
Source Checkout and Loading
Return to Vault

15. Radiography Tracking System Development Process Timeline
Title
Deliverables
Schedule
5/13
2/14
Phase I:
Preliminary Design and Engineering Units
Conceptual Design
Requirements Defined
Preliminary Design
Engineering Units
Phase II:
Critical Design and Prototype Units
Prototype Units:
Prototype Pilot:
Detailed Design:
Device Verify and Validation:
Critical Design:
26-Jun-14
25-Jul-14
22-Aug-14
19-Dec-14
7-Jan-15
2/14
1/15
Phase III:
Technology Transfer, Manufacturing, and Deployment
Technology Transfer:
Low Rate Initial Production:
Manufacturing Approval:
18-Mar-15
13-May-15
11-Jun-15
1/15
6/15

16. System Benefits & Limitations
Timely notification of potential security incident
More accurate locational data to target response/search area
Insider threat detection
Procedural compliance assurance
Electronic inventory management
Limitations
Cannot track individual sealed sources independent of their container1
Base system cannot continuously track devices/containers outside of RF range2
Size and cost of satellite communication technology
Cellular communication coverage and cost
Power consumption
1 Evaluating ability to monitor well logging Am241Be source while down well.
2 Cellular-based tracking of individual radiography cameras may be implemented as a system option, but will increase unit costs and service fees.

17. Future Activities Well Logging Radiography General
Design modifications to support additional use cases (e.g. 3rd party transport in over pack)
License technology to additional telematics or security system vendors
Radiography
Provide engineering support and license technology to additional radiography device manufacturers, telematics or security system vendors
General
Maintain product testing and standards compliance evaluation services
Monitor cellular/satellite communications and battery technologies and work with vendors to incorporate enhanced technologies as they become viable

18. Ioanna Iliopulos Kurt Silvers
GTRI Contacts
Please contact us if you have developed/deployed a similar system and would like to share lessons learned or collaborate, or if you are interested in the NNSA/PNNL developed technology once it becomes commercially available:
Ioanna Iliopulos
Office Director
North and South American Threat Reduction
DOE/NNSA/GTRI
Kurt Silvers
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

19. Questions?