1. Introduction to the Structure of Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
Introduction to the Structure of Flowering Plants

2. What is an Angiosperm?
In Division Anthophyta; can be trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc., and found in all environments
Have seeds, roots, stems, and leaves
Produces flowers (specialized leaves)
Produces seeds in a fruit, either fleshy or dry
Divided into 2 classes, monocots (1 seed leaf) and dicots (2 seed leaves)
Have sophisticated environmental adaptations

3. Angiosperm Organs
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds

4. Roots Underground parts Anchor the plant Absorbs water/minerals
Transports solutions up
Stores nutrient starches; several edible
Thin/thick; short/long; singular/branching

5. Cross section structure
Epidermis with root hairs
Outer cortex for transport/storage; some of it is parenchyma
Waterproof endodermis around vascular cylinder
Pericycle producing lateral roots
Vascular cylinder of xylem, vascular cambium and phloem

7.                      
Secondary root emerging from the pericycle

8. Vascular tissues:
Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals up and outward to the rest of the plant Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis, like glucose, down and out to the rest of the plant

9. Stems Aboveground parts Support and display leaves and flowers
Transport through many vascular tissues
Stores some starches
Produces leaf and flower buds by way of apical and lateral meristems

10. Stem types
Herbaceous – soft and green as in small herbs and some shrubs Woody – firm as in shrubs and trees (old xylem provides our firewood from trees)

11. Cross-section structure (herbaceous)
Vascular bundles of mixed xylem/phloem
Surrounded by cortex of parenchyma tissue
Vascular bundles scattered in monocots
Bundles in an outer ring in dicots
Epidermis outside; endodermis surrounding bundles
Dicot?

12. Cross-section structure (woody)
Cork (bark) outside
Cork cambium produces cork
Phloem layer
Vascular cambium makes phloem outside/xylem inside
Rings of annual growth of xylem

14. Leaves Waxy cuticle on top Upper epidermis layer
Palisades parenchyma loaded with chlorophyll
Spongy mesophyll with air gaps and veins of vascular tissue (gas exchange)
Lower epidermis with numerous stoma
Waxy cuticle underneath

16. Actual photomicrograph of leaf XS

17. Flowers Sepals from bud cover
Colorful petals protect interior structures
Stamens of filaments and pollen-laden anthers
Pistil(s) with sticky stigma, long style, and egg-making ovary at the base
All attached to a long peduncle
May have all parts or a mixture of parts

19. Pollination
The pollen, or male gametophyte (gamete-producing plant ) and the ovule, or female gametophyte, represent the sexual generation in the life-cycle of the flowering plant. The pollen may be transferred to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower of the same species. In the former case the process is called self-pollination, in the latter case, cross-pollination.

21. Fertilization On the stigma, the pollen germinates, and produces the male gametes which are transported to the ovule in a pollen tube. One of these male gametes fuses with the female gamete within the ovule. This fusion, called fertilization, marks the beginning of the development of the embryo plant. The tissues of the ovule surrounding the embryo form the seed, while the tissues of the ovary, sometimes with some of the surrounding structures, form the fruit. The fruit is the ripened ovary (ovaries) with the enclosed seeds, if any, and in some cases may include other parts of the parent flower. The characteristics of the fruit are thus closely related to the characteristic of the flower (or flowers), and especially the ovary (or ovaries) from which it was produced.

23. Review (write down responses)
The plants most familiar to you, including fruit trees, vegetables, cereal grains, and wildflowers are ____________________
Angiosperms and gymnosperms are alike in that they both have _________, _________, __________, and _____________.
Angiosperms produce __________ and have their seeds in ___________.
Flowering plants are in the division ____________
The 2 classes of anthophytes are ______________ and ___________________.

24. Grasses, orchids and lilies have 1 seed leaf and are called _________________; _____________ have 2 seed leaves.
One advantage to plants having fruit-covered seeds is added protection for the _____________.
Water and minerals enter the root by absorption into the ____________________.
The size of the stomata is controlled by the ________ cells.
Most photosynthesis occurs in the __________
____________.

25. Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the pistil of another is called ____________ pollination.
The outermost structure on a flower is the ______________.
Egg cells are produced in the __________ of the pistil.
The seeds, and therefore the embryo, are protected by a structure called a _____________, either fleshy or dry.

26. The primary function of ____________ is to trap light energy for photosynthesis.
Roots, stems, and leaves all function as ________
Cambium and apical meristem are examples of ___________ tissue.
The plant anchor is the ____________.
The plant’s version of water, sewer, and gas utilities would be the ____________ tissues.
Plant food is transported in ____________ tissue.
Water and dissolved minerals are transported in ___________ tissue.