1. Annuities and No Arbitrage Pricing

2. Key concepts  Real investment  Financial investment

3. Interest rate defined  Premium for current delivery

4. = status quo Time zero cash flow Time one cash flow equation of the budget constraint:

5. Time zero cash flow Time one cash flow Financing possibilities, not physical investment deposit With- drawal

6. Time zero cash flow Time one cash flow An investment opportunity that increases value. NPV

7. Basic principle  Firms maximize value  Owners maximize utility  Separately

8. Justification  Real investment with positive NPV shifts consumption opportunities outward.  Financial investment satisfies the owner’s time preferences.

9. Why use interest rates  Instead of just prices  Coherence

10. Example: pure discount bond  Definition: A pure discount bond pays 1000 at maturity and has no interest payments before then.  Price is the PV of that 1000 cash flow, using the market rate specific to the asset.

11. Example continued  Ten-year discount bond: price is 426.30576  Five-year discount bond: price is 652.92095  Are they similar or different?  Similar because they have the SAME interest rate r =.089 (i.e. 8.9%)

12. Calculations  652.92095 = 1000 / (1+.089)^5  Note: ^ is spreadsheet notation for raising to a power  426.30576 = 1000 / (1+.089)^10

13. More realistically  For the ten-year discount bond, the price is 422.41081 (not 426.30576).  The ten-year rate is (1000/422.41081)^.1 - 1 =.09 The.1 power is the tenth root.  The longer bond has a higher interest rate. Why?  Because more time means more risk.

14. A typical bond

15. Definitions  Coupon -- the amount paid periodically  Coupon rate -- the coupon times annual payments divided by 1000  Same as for mortgage payments

16. Pure discount bonds on 1/9/02 MaturesAskAsk yield Feb 0498:201.27 Feb 0596:131.75 Feb 0693:122.23 Feb 0789:152.73 Feb 0885:173.09 Feb 0980:153.46 Feb1076:303.73

17. No arbitrage principle  Market prices must admit no profitable, risk-free arbitrage.  No money pumps.  Otherwise, acquisitive investors would exploit the arbitrage indefinitely.

18. Example  Coupons sell for 450  Principal sells for 500  The bond MUST sell for 950.  Otherwise, an arbitrage opportunity exists.  For instance, if the bond sells for 920…  Buy the bond, sell the stripped components. Profit 30 per bond, indefinitely.  Similarly, if the bond sells for 980 …

19. Two parts of a bond  Pure discount bond  A repeated constant flow -- an annuity

20. Stripped coupons and principal  Treasury notes (and some agency bonds)  Coupons (assembled) sold separately, an annuity.  Stripped principal is a pure discount bond.

21. Annuity  Interest rate per period, r.  Size of cash flows, C.  Maturity T.  If T=infinity, it’s called a perpetuity.

22. Market value of a perpetuity  Start with a perpetuity.

23. Value of a perpetuity is C*(1/r)  In spreadsheet notation, * is the sign for multiplication.  Present Value of Perpetuity Factor, PVPF(r) = 1/r  It assumes that C = 1.  For any other C, multiply PVPF(r) by C.

24. Justification

25. Value of an annuity  C*(1/r)[1-1/(1+r)^T]  Present value of annuity factor  PVAF(r,T) = (1/r)[1-1/(1+r)^T]  or A r T

26. Explanation  Value of annuity =  difference in values of perpetuities.  One starts at time 1,  the other starts at time T + 1.

27. Explanation

28. Values  P.V. of Perp at 0 = 1/r  P.V. of Perp at T = (1/r) 1/(1+r)^T  Value of annuity = difference = (1/r)[1- 1/(1+r)^T ]

29. Compounding  12% is not 12% … ?  … when it is compounded.

30. Compounding: E.A.R. Equivalent Annual rate

31. Example: which is better?  Wells Fargo: 8.3% compounded daily  World Savings: 8.65% uncompounded

32. Solution  Compare the equivalent annual rates  World Savings: EAR =.0865  Wells Fargo: (1+.083/365) 365 -1 =.0865314

33. When to cut a tree  Application of continuous compounding  A tree growing in value.  The land cannot be reused.  Discounting continuously.  What is the optimum time to cut the tree?  The time that maximizes NPV.

34. Numerical example  Cost of planting = 100  Value of tree -100+25t  Interest rate.05  Maximize (-100+25t)exp(-.05t)  Check second order conditions  First order condition.05 = 25/(-100+25t)  t = 24 value = 500

35. Example continued  Present value of the tree = 500*exp(-.05*24) = 150.5971.  Greater than cost of 100.  NPV = 50.5971  Market value of a partly grown tree at time t < 24 is 150.5971*exp(.05*t)  For t > 24 it is -100+25*t

36. Example: Cost of College  Annual cost = 25000  Paid when?  Make a table of cash flows

37. Timing  Obviously simplified

38. Present value at time zero  25+25*PVAF(.06,3)  =91.825298

39. Spreadsheet confirmation

40. Saving for college  Start saving 16 years before matriculation.  How much each year?  Make a table.

41. The college savings problem

42. Solution outlined  Find PV of target sum, that is, take 91.825 and discount back to time 0.  Divide by (1.06)^16  PV of savings =C+C*PVAF(.06,16)  Equate and solve for C.

43. Numerical Solution  PV of target sum = 36.146687  PV of savings = C+C*10.105895  C = 3.2547298

44. Balance = C + 1.06 previous balance

45. Alternative solution outlined  Need 91.825 at time 16.  FV of savings =(1.06)^16 *(C+C*PVAF(.06,16))  Equate and solve for C.

46. Numerical Solution  Future target sum = 91.825  FV of savings = (1.06)^16*(C+C*10.105895)  91.825 = C*((1.06)^16)*(1+10.105895)  C = 3.2547298

47. Review question  The interest rate is 6%, compounded monthly.  You set aside $100 at the end of each month for 10 years.  How much money do you have at the end?

48. Answer in two steps  Step 1. Find PDV of the annuity. .005 per month  120 months  PVAF = 90.073451  PVAF*100 = 9007.3451  Step 2. Translate to money of time 120.  [(1.005)^120]*9007.3451 = 16387.934