1. Chapter 4,5
Time Value of Money

2. Learning Goals
1. Understand the concept of future value, their calculation for a single amount, and the relationship of present to future cash flow.
Find the future value and present value of both an ordinary annuity and an annuity due, and the present value of a perpetuity.

3. Learning Goals
4. Calculate the present value of a mixed stream of cash flows.*
5. Understand the effect that compounding more frequently than annually has on future value and the effective annual interest rate.

4. The Role of Time Value in Finance
Most financial decisions involve costs & benefits that are spread out over time.
Time value of money allows comparison of cash flows from different periods.
Question?
Would it be better for a company to invest $100,000 in a product that would return a total of $200,000 after one year, or one that would return $220,000 after two years?

5. The Role of Time Value in Finance
Most financial decisions involve costs & benefits that are spread out over time.
Time value of money allows comparison of cash flows from different periods.
Answer!
It depends on the interest rate!

6. Basic Concepts Future Value: compounding or growth over time
Present Value: discounting to today’s value
Single cash flows & series of cash flows can be considered
Time lines are used to illustrate these relationships

7. Computational Aids Use the Equations Use the Financial Tables
Use Financial Calculators
Use Spreadsheets

8. Computational Aids Time Line

9. Computational Aids Financial Calculators

10. Basic Patterns of Cash Flow
The cash inflows and outflows of a firm can be described by its general pattern.
The three basic patterns include a single amount, an annuity, or a mixed stream:

11. With simple interest, you don’t earn interest on interest.
Year 1: 5% of $100 = $5 + $100 = $105
Year 2: 5% of $100 = $5 + $105 = $110
Year 3: 5% of $100 = $5 + $110 = $115
Year 4: 5% of $100 = $5 + $115 = $120
Year 5: 5% of $100 = $5 + $120 = $125

12. With compound interest, a depositor earns interest on interest!
Year 1: 5% of $ = $ $ = $105.00
Year 2: 5% of $ = $ $ = $110.25
Year 3: 5% of $ = $ $ = $115.76
Year 4: 5% of $ = $ $ = $121.55
Year 5: 5% of $ = $ $ = $127.63

13. Time Value Terms PV0 = present value or beginning amount
k = interest rate
FVn = future value at end of “n” periods
n = number of compounding periods
A = an annuity (series of equal payments or receipts)

14. Four Basic Models FVn = PV0(1+k)n = PV(FVIFk,n)
PV0 = FVn[1/(1+k)n] = FV(PVIFk,n)

15. Algebraically and Using FVIF Tables
Future Value Example
Algebraically and Using FVIF Tables
You deposit $2,000 today at 6% interest. How much will you have in 5 years?
$2,000 x (1.06)5 =
$2,000 x = $2,676.40

16. Nominal & Effective Rates
The nominal interest rate is the stated or contractual rate of interest charged by a lender or promised by a borrower.
The effective interest rate is the rate actually paid or earned.
In general, the effective rate > nominal rate whenever compounding occurs more than once per year
EAR = (1 + k/m) m -1

17. Nominal & Effective Rates
For example, what is the effective rate of interest on your credit card if the nominal rate is 18% per year, compounded monthly?
EAR = ( /12) 12 -1
EAR = %

18. Present Value
Present value is the current dollar value of a future amount of money.
It is based on the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow.
It is the amount today that must be invested at a given rate to reach a future amount.
Calculating present value is also known as discounting.
The discount rate is often also referred to as the opportunity cost, the discount rate, the required return, and the cost of capital.

19. Algebraically and Using PVIF Tables
Present Value Example
Algebraically and Using PVIF Tables
How much must you deposit today in order to have $2,000 in 5 years if you can earn 6% interest on your deposit?
$2,000 x [1/(1.06)5] = $2,000 x = $1,494.52

20. Present Value of a Perpetuity
A perpetuity is a special kind of annuity.
With a perpetuity, the periodic annuity or cash flow stream continues forever.
PV = Annuity/k
For example, how much would I have to deposit today in order to withdraw $1,000 each year forever if I can earn 8% on my deposit?
PV = $1,000/.08 = $12,500

21. Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Using the FVIFA Tables
Annuity = Equal Annual Series of Cash Flows
Example: How much will your deposits grow to if you deposit $100 at the end of each year at 5% interest for three years.
FVA = 100(FVIFA,5%,3) = $315.25
Year 1 $100 deposited at end of year = $100.00
Year 2 $100 x .05 = $ $100 + $100 = $205.00
Year 3 $205 x .05 = $ $205 + $100 = $315.25

22. Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Using Calculator/Excel
Annuity = Equal Annual Series of Cash Flows
Example: How much will your deposits grow to if you deposit $100 at the end of each year at 5% interest for three years.
Excel Function
=FV (interest, periods, pmt, PV)
=FV (.06, 5,100, )

23. Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Using PVIFA Tables
Annuity = Equal Annual Series of Cash Flows
Example: How much could you borrow if you could afford annual payments of $2,000 (which includes both principal and interest) at the end of each year for three years at 10% interest?
PVA = 2,000(PVIFA,10%,3) = $4,973.70

24. Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Using Excel
Annuity = Equal Annual Series of Cash Flows
Example: How much could you borrow if you could afford annual payments of $2,000 (which includes both principal and interest) at the end of each year for three years at 10% interest?
Excel Function
=PV (interest, periods, pmt, FV)
=PV (.10, 3, 2000, )

25. Present Value of a Mixed Stream
Using Tables
A mixed stream of cash flows reflects no particular pattern
Find the present value of the following mixed stream assuming a required return of 9%.