2.   Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Auguste Comte (1798-1857)  Harriet Martineau (1802 –1876)  Karl Marx (1818-1883) Karl Marx (1818-1883)  Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)  Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)  George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)  Max Weber (1864-1920) Max Weber (1864-1920)  Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)  W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963) W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963) Classical Sociologists’ Timeline

3.  Before Durkheim, Engels, Marx, or Weber… Martineau examined social class, religion, suicide, national character, domestic relations, women’s status, criminology, and interrelations between institutions and individuals. IMPORTANT !!!

4. Martineau’s life  Born June 12,1802  Daughter of textile worker  Middle class  6 th of 8 children  Before age 16, lost her sense of smell, taste, and hearing

5.  Harriet Martineau  Single female in a very male- dominated economic world  Father: Died during 1820s  Fiancé: Mental & physical collapse  Remained single & independent  By 1829, committed to writing profession 5

6.   Writer: Fictional and Sociological works  Pioneer in field of sociology Harriet’s Work

7.   Work includes over 1,500 columns and about 61 books  An advocate for freedom and emancipation of women and slaves.  “… Is it to be understood that the principles of the Declaration of Independence bear no relation to half of the human race?”  Society in America Harriet’s Work

8.  8 Harriet Martineau  First “methodological essay” ever published, How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838)  Translated and abbreviated Comte’s Positive Philosophy  Spread Comte’s word far and wide  Comte had it retranslated into French

9.   Strong believer in feminism  First to speak on women being viewed as secondary partner in a relationship (marriage) Beliefs

10.   Women could contribute more to society than just as a house wife  Talks of abuse that women endure  Revolutionary in helping women learn to fight back  Few followers: Unlike women to disobey husbands Beliefs

11.  11 Activism  In 1869, supported the Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act.  In 1886, the Acts were repealed  Call for repeal of laws that gave authority to police to detain and examine women on suspicion of prostitution as means to control the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea

12.   Believed society had to be changed through social reforms  Belief in social reform:  Component of Necessarianism  Also reflects Unitarian background Society

13.   Theory that every event  Including action of human will  Is necessary result of a sequence of causes  Determinism Necessarianism

14.   Denies Trinity, God is one  Rejects doctrine of “original sin”  Unlimited nature of the Redemption by Christ  All souls will be saved  No hell Unitarianism

15.  Kate Middleton

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17.   Autonomous  Moral  Practical  Agent The Individual

18.   Unitarian background encouraged her to see the quest for knowledge and the betterment of society as being  For the growth of the individual member of society The Individual

19.   Social interaction and human association existed for the happiness of the individual  Purpose of society: Serve social needs of individuals  To empower individuals to make their lives better Concept of society

20.   Autonomy essential to individual happiness and  Progress of society  The subjugation of women and the enslavement of other humans  Denied society assets that would be much more valuable if they were allowed autonomy Society

21.  Harriet Martineau: Sociology of Slavery  Between 1834 and 1836, Martineau travelled through the United States  Indentured servitude of white immigrants had been abolished  Introducing any form of servitude prohibited in Northern and Western regions of U.S. 21

22.   Slavery confined to 13 Southern states that grew tobacco, rice, cotton, and sugar  Slave population 2.5 million Harriet Martineau: Sociology of Slavery

23.   Through autonomy individuals:  Explore boundaries of intellectual capacity  Contribute to social progress Selfhood

24.   Autonomy =Selfhood  Without autonomy, women were only an extension of the “self” of the men in society Selfhood

25.   Took trip to the Middle-East  Wrote Eastern Life Past and Present  After trip, she became an atheist  Left with very few supporters, including her family  In 1876, she died from an illness  Now remembered as the first woman sociologist Towards the End of Her Life…